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ILLINOIS 
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EXHIBITS  .THEREIN 


AT  THE 


WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN 

EXPOSITION 

1893 


JOHN   MORRIS  COMPANY 
CHICAGO 


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Illinois  Board  of  World's  pair  Commissioners 

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President... 

»  LAFAYETTE  FUNK,  Shirley 

Vice-president. . . 

DA  VID  GORE,  Carlinville 

Secretary... 

W.  C.  GARRARD,  Springfield 

COMMISSIONERS 

/.  IRVING  PEARCE,  Chicago  T 

/CWAT  />.  REYNOLDS,  Chicago  *- 

J.  HARLEY  BRADLEY,  Chicago  " 
^     WILLIAM  STEWART,  Chicago  < 

BYRON  F.  WYMAN,  Sycamore* 

A.  B.  HOSTETTER,  Mt.  Carroll  ' 

SAMUEL  DYSART,  Franklin  Grove* 
W.  D.  STRYKER,  Plainfield 

JOHN  VIRGIN,  Fairbury   ' 

E.  B.  DA  VID,  Aledo  '  D.  W.   VITTUM,  Canton   ' 

W.  H.  FULKERSON,  Jerseyville   - 
J.   W.  JUDY,  Tallula        ' 

LAFA  YETTE  FUNK,  Shirley   ' 
S.  W.  JOHNS,  Decatur     > 

E.  E.  CHESTER,  Champaign   ' 

JAMES  K.  DICKERSON,Lawrenceville  » 
DA  VID  GORE,  Carlinville    ' 

EDWARD  C.  PACE,  Ashley  ' 
B.  PULLEN,  Centralia  * 

J.M.  WASHBURN, Marion 


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OF  THE 
UMIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


THE  LIBHARY 

OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


INTRODUCTORY. 


HIS    volume  has  been  prepared  by  order  of    the  Illinois 

an  index  or  guide  to  the  exhibits  in  the  Illinois  State 
Building,  which  were  authorized  by  the  State  government  and 
partly  as  an  interesting  souvenir  of  the  great  Columbian  Expo- 
sition. 

The  entire  cost  of  preparation,  installation  and  administra- 
tion by  the  Commissioners  is  paid  from  the  State  treasury  under 
an  Act  of  the  General  Assembly,  approved  by  Hon.  Joseph  W. 
Fifer,  Governor,  June  17,  1891. 

It  is  not  to  any  extent  a  catalogue  of  the  material  presented 
in  the  several  exhibits,  nor  a  report  of  the  labors  of  the  Com- 
mission in  the  discharge  of  the  duties  imposed  upon  its  mem- 
bers. Such  report,  financial  and  otherwise,  as  is  required  by  law, 
cannot  be  prepared  with  necessary  fullness  of  historical  detail 
until  the  great  Columbian  Exposition  with  all  its  realistic  mag- 
nificence shall  itself  have  become  a  thing  of  the  past. 

The  references  to  the  exhibits  illustrated  are  all  restricted 
to  the  briefest  possible  mention  of  the  main  purpose  and  charac- 
ter of  each. 

The  State  Institutions,  which  from  their  nature  are  debarred 
from  exhibiting,  including  penal  and  reformatory,  are  repre- 
sented by  exterior  and  interior  views  of  their  buildings  and 
grounds. 

The  Illinois  State  Building  occupies  a  very  conspicuous 
position  in  the  north  part  of  the  park.  It  was  constructed  upon 
plans  and  specifications  approved  by  the  Illinois  Board  of 
World's  Fair  Commissioners,  and  by  the  Construction  Depart- 
ment of  the  ^Yorld's  Columbian  Exposition  Company. 


10 

BUREAU  OF  INFORMATION. 

This  department  consists  of  four  rooms  in  the  northwest  gal- 
lery, which  are  fitted  up  for  the  convenience  and  accommodation 
of  all  visitors  who  are  actively  connected  with  newspaper  jour  - 
nalism.  The  conduct  of  the  bureau  is  in  charge  of  the  secre- 
tary of  the  National  Editorial  Association  and  of  the  Illinois 
Press  Association,  who  has  an  extensive  acquaintance  among 
newspaper  men,  and  is  looking  after  their  interests  in  connec- 
tion with  their  regular  duties  as  journalists.  The  rooms  are  free 
to  all  and  are  supplied  with  easy  chairs  for  resting,  and  an  edit- 
orial room  fitted  up  with  writing  material  and  desks.  A  sten- 
ographer is  also  in  this  room  for  the  convenience  of  editors,  an  d 
such  service  is  free  to  those  requiring  it. 


THE  LIB^RY 

OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


13 


BELIEF  MAP  OF  THE  STATE  OF  ILLINOIS, 

COMPILED  BY  THE 

Illinois  Board  of  World's  Fair  Commissioners,  from  a  survey  of  the  State 
made  under  their  direction  for  this  especial  purpose  in  1892. 


SYNOPSIS    OF    DATA    USED    AND    WHENCE    DERIVED. 

From  the  Mississippi  River  Commission,  a  line  of  levels  from 
Cairo  to  Dunleith;  a  line  of  levels  from  Fulton  to  Chicago,  along 
the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul  R.  R. ;  a  series  of  topo- 
graphic charts  of  the  Illinois  shore  of  the  Mississippi,  and  the 
low  water  slope  of  the  Mississippi. 

From  the  lake  survey,  a  series  of  geodetic  stations  between 
Chicago  and  Olney. 

From  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal,  low  water  levels  of  the 
Illinois  River. 

From  the  U.  S.  Geologic  Survey,  a  series  of  topographic 
charts  between  Chicago  and  Peoria . 

From  the  coast  and  geodetic  survey,  a  line  of  levels  from 
Olney  to  St.  Louis;  a  line  from  Centralia  to  Cairo;  and  low 
water  levels  of  the  Ohio  and  Wabash  Rivers. 

From  the  U.  S.  engineers,  the  preliminary  survey  of  the 
Hennepin  Canal. 

From  the  railroads,  profiles  of  their  lines. 

Barometric  profiles  made  with  moving  and  stationary  barom- 
eters, of  such  railroads  as  had  no  profiles. 

The  bench  marks  of  the  lines  of  levels  and  geodetic  stations 
were  connected  with  the  nearest  railroads,  and  were  used  to  cor- 
rect the  profiles  of  such  railroads. 

The  elevations  above  low  water  of  the  railroad  bridges  over 
the  Illinois  and  Mississippi  Rivers  were  obtained,  and  the  rail- 
road profiles  checked  by  them. 

The  exact  relations  of  the  railroads  at  intersecting  points 
were  ascertained,  and  the  profiles  of  the  roads  checked  on  each 


14 


other,  using  those  that  had  been  corrected  by  U.  S.  data  as 
master  systems. 

To  the  outline  so  established,  the  details  of  surface  were 
added  by  traverses,  with  barometer  and  hand  level,  arranged  to 
intersect  railroads  as  often  as  possible,  and  practically  to  bring 
the  observer  within  sight  of  every  section  of  land  in  his  district. 
Prominent  points,  either  of  elevation  or  depression,  were  vis- 
ited, and  observations  made  upon  them.  Many  cross  checks  and 
other  means  of  correction  were  applied  to  overcome  errors  in 
atmospheric  pressure,  instrumental  irregularities,  and  errors  of 
observation. 

Finally,  the  results  obtained  were  expressed  in  contour  lines 
on  the  maps. 

Much  pains  have  been  taken  to  make  the  maps  more  correct  in 
their  horizontal  features  than  any  heretofore  published.  The 
locations  of  towns  and  courses  of  streams  have,  in  most  cases, 
been  either  verified  or  corrected. 

The  time  allowed  for  the  field  work  was  one  year,  and  the 
total  expenditure  $15,000.  The  area  covered  was  56,000  square 
miles.  It  is  hoped  that  future  observations  will  show  that  the 
work  has  been  as  well  done  as  the  limitations  of  time  and  funds 
would  admit. 

TABLE  or  ELEVATIONS  above  the  level  of  the  ocean  for  each 
county  town,  the  point  of  observation  in  each  case  being  the 
courthouse,  except  as  noted. 


RELIEF  MAP  OF  ILLINOIS. 


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OF  THE 
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THE  L\Vnm 

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UNIVERSITY  OF  !LLIWI$ 


23 


AGRICULTURE. 

The  scope  and  purpose  of  this  department  of  the  State  ex- 
hibit are  described  in  the  law  as  follows:  "A  full  and  com- 
plete collection  of  all  the  cultivated  products  in  the  several 
branches  of  agriculture — farm  culture,  horticulture  and  floricult- 
ure— in  illustration  of  the  widely  different  conditions  of  soil  and 
climate  under  which  rural  husbandry  is  practiced  in  the  various 
sections  of  the  State."  With  a  domain  extending  387  miles  in  a 
north  and  south  line,  there  is  a  range  of  climate  which  enables 
Illinois  to  produce  cereals,  grasses,  vegetables  and  fruits  in  the 
greatest  variety  and  profusion. 

In  the  installation  of  this  department  the  section  represent- 
ing "farm  culture"  was  organized  as  distinct  from  "horticult- 
ure and  floriculture,"  the  last  two  being  placed  together  and 
forming  one  section.  The  two  sections  occupy  equal  areas  at 
the  west  end  of  the  main  exposition  hall. 


FARM  CULTURE. 

The  products  shown  represent: 

1.  Well  selected  samples  of  the  crop  of  1892  and  1893  in 
all  varieties  of  grains  and  grasses,  seeds  and  vegetables,   grown 
in  every  county  of  the    State,    consisting   of    100    varieties  of 
wheat,  seventy  of  corn,  sixty  of  oats,   besides   rye,   barley,  flax, 
hemp,  broom  corn,  sorghum,  tobacco,   cotton,  castor  beans,  pea- 
nuts, grass  and  vegetable  seeds;  also  120  varieties  of  native  and 
cultivated  grasses. 

2.  Samples  of  thirty-three  non-alcoholic,  commercial,  dis- 
tinct manufactured  products  of  Indian  corn,  embracing  several 
varieties  of  sugar,  starch,  syrups,  oils,  gums,  etc. 

This    entire   collection    of   farm    products    is  installed  in  a 
thoroughly  systematic  manner,   with   lavish   artistic  decoration 


24 

and  tasteful,  intelligent  arrangement  of  material  throughout, 
and  is  located  in  the  northwest  corner  of  the  building. 

The  three  sections  under  the  balcony  represent  the  northern 
central  and  southern  divisions  of  the  agricultural  interests  of  the 
State.  The  west  tier  of  shelves  contains  160  bottles  of  beans, 
peas,  flax,  red,  white  and  alsike  clover,  timothy,  blue-grass,  mil- 
let, sun-flower,  red-top,  Hungarian,  yellow  oat  grass,  barley, 
etc.  The  second  tier  of  shelves  represents  the  wheat-growing 
division  in  600  bottles  correctly  labeled,  showing  the  kind  and 
where  raised.  The  third  tier  of  shelves  represents  the  corn- 
growing  districts  with  287  bottles  showing  the  different  kinds  of 
corn.  The  fourth  tier  of  shelves  contains  500  bottles  correctly 
labeled,  showing  the  kind  and  quality  of  oats  raised  in  the  State. 

The  above  named  exhibits,  taken  together  with  the  decora- 
tions of  the  balcony,  show  the  agricultural  interests  of  the  State 
which  produces  annually  30,000,000  bushels  of  wheat,  230,000,- 
000  bushels  of  corn,  and  111,000,000  bushels  of  oats. 

Just  north  of  the  balcony  is  the  pagoda,  decorated  with 
grasses  and  grains,  showing  what  is  grown  and  what  can  be  done 
in  the  way  of  decorations  with  agricultural  products. 

Along  the  north  wall,  in  glass  cases,  are  all  the  different 
kinds  of  native  and  cultivated  grasses,  correctly  labeled. 

On  the  west  wall  is  a  farm  scene,  representing  a  model  Illi- 
nois farm.  This  picture,  24x32  feet,  with  a  four-foot  frame,  is 
made  entirely  of  grasses  and  grains  in  their  natural  colors,  under 
the  direction  and  supervision  of  the  Agricultural  Committee  of 
the  Illinois  Board  of  World's  Fair  Commissioners;  more  than 
one-half  the  work  being  done  by  Illinois  girls.  The  time  con- 
sumed in  making  the  picture  would  equal  the  work  of  one  per- 
son 480  days. 

There  are  also  shown  samples  of  all  matured  crops  of  grains, 
grasses  and  vegetables  of  1893,  which  are  collected  and  placed 
on  the  tables  as  the  season  of  maturity  progresses  from  south  to 
north  through  the  entire  length  of  the  State,  nearly  400  miles. 


THE  LIB'UaY 

OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILL1HOIS 


27 


DEPARTMENT  OF  FORESTRY. 

This  department  was  created  less  than  nine  months  before 
the  Fair  was  opened  to  the  public,  and  on  that  account  the  dis  - 
play  in  point  of  variety  is  not  as  complete  as  it  would  have  been 
had  more  time  been  allowed  to  secure  the  rarer  kinds,  and  the 
display  of  cultivated  woods  has  suffered  more  or  less  from  the 
same  cause. 

Notwithstanding  the  short  time  in  which  the  collection  had 
to  be  made,  the  department  contains  ninety-one  specimens  of 
indigenous  trees,  seventy-three  of  which  represent  species  of  the 
highest  commercial  value. 

In  the  domain  of  cultivated  timber,  great  progress  has  been 
made  by  our  farmers,  and  yet,  with  ample  material  at  hand ,  it 
was  not  altogether  an  easy  matter  to  secure  specimens.  The 
fact  is  that  there  are  few  cultivated  trees  but  what  have  been 
grown  for  some  specific  purpose,  and  consequently,  instances 
were  rare  where  our  tree  planters  were  willing  to  part  with  the 
reward  of  years  of  labor,  just  developing  into  perfection.  This 
circumstance,  together  with  lack  of  time  for  more  extended  re- 
search, will  account  for  the  absence  of  many  varieties  known  to 
be  in  successful  cultivation  in  our  State.  It  is  a  pleasure,  how- 
ever, to  record  the  fact  that  of  the  seventy-three  specimen  s  now 
on  exhibition,  not  one  was  relinquished  for  gain;  and,  therefore, 
each  piece  so  furnished,  testifies  to  the  general  appreciation  of 
the  aims  and  purposes  of  our  State  exhibit,  and  a  devotion  to 
the  success  of  the  great  Exposition  itself. 

It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  the  specimens  shown,  and  with 
these  the  unique  exhibit  of  the  farm  wagon  of  many  woods, 
comprise  object  lessons  of  rare  interest  to  every  farmer,  planter 
and  land  owner  in  the  West.  All  of  the  varieties  shown  of  cul- 
tivated trees  can  be  grown  with  equal  success  in  all  parts  of  our 
State;  besides  which  there  are  several  others  that  are  to-day  sue- 


28 

cessfully  cultivated  south  of  the  thirty-ninth  parallel  of  latitude, 
south  as  the  southern  catalpa,  cypress,  and  others,  of  which  no 
specimens  were  available  within  the  brief  space  of  time  allotted. 
Nothwithstanding  this,  it  is  safe  to  say  that  there  is  no  State 
collection  of  a  similar  nature  within  the  limits  of  the  Exposition 
that  equals  the  Forestry  Exhibit  of  the  State  of  Illinois. 


RAILROAD    AND    WAREHOUSE    COMMISSION,    DEPART- 
MENT OF  GRAIN  INSPECTION. 

This  exhibit  shows  the  complete  process  of  grain  grading 
and  inspection;  the  system  of  recording  the  inspection  and  the 
issuing  of  certificates  thereon;  the  warehousing  of  the  grain 
after  inspected;  the  registration,  shipment  and  clearance  of  the 
same;  and  practically  exemplifies  the  every-day  routine  of  the 
work  of  the  inspection  department.  Samples  of  all  the  com- 
mercial grades  of  grain,  and  euch  of  the  fancy  grades  as  ever 
find  their  way  to  this  market,  are  shown.  To  those  who  may 
desire  it,  samples  of  any  particular  kind  or  grade  of  grain  are 
presented. 


THE  LIBMY 

OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


31 


HORTICULTURE  AND  FLORICULTURE. 

The  products  exposed  in  this  section  represent: 

1.  The  fruit  crop  of  1892,  chiefly  apples,  which  were  held 
in  cold  storage  until  the  opening  of  the  Exposition,  May  1, 1893. 

2.  Samples  of  all  fruits  cultivated  in  this  State,  from  the 
Ohio  River  to  the  Wisconsin  line,  in  succession  as  the  season  of 
maturity  advances  from  south  to  north.     With  the  exception  of 
apples,  in  which  a  partial  failure  was  unavoidable,  the  display 
fairly  reflects  the  capability  of  every  section  of  the  State  for  the 
production  of  fruit. 

These  samples  have  included  during  the  season  42  varieties 
of  strawberries,  exhibited  from  May  10  to  July  30;  28  varieties 
of  raspberries  from  June  1  to  August  9;  26  varieties  of  black- 
berries from  June  16  to  August  10;  cherries  in  23  varieties  from 
May  28  to  August  16;  gooseberries  in  22  varieties  from  May  26 
to  August  18;  currants  in  18  varieties  from  June  1  to  August  12; 
grapes  in  36  varieties  from  July  4,  and  being  continued;  plums 
in  22  varieties  from  June  24,  and  being  continued;  apricots  in 
6  varieties  from  July  12  to  August  20;  peaches  in  38  varieties 
from  June  10,  and  being  continued;  pears  in  36  varieties  from 
June  24,  and  being  continued. 

Notwithstanding  the  exceptionally  unfavorable  season  for 
apples,  there  have  been  exhibited  18  varieties  of  summer  apples, 
22  varieties  of  fall  apples,  and  46  varieties  of  winter  apples. 

In  addition  to  above  there  has  been  constantly  on  exhibition 
quite  a  quantity  of  miscellaneous  and  unnamed  fruits. 

At  the  date  of  preparing  this  outline  the  exhibit  is  by  no 
means  complete;  numerous  varieties  of  the  later  fruits  having 
not  been  received  for  the  year  1893. 

3.  A  large  display  of  choice,  cultivated  flowers,  indigenous 
and  exotic,  and  ornamental  plants. 

Owing  to  want  of  time  for  preparation  and  the  fatal  delays 


32 

incident  to  the  transportation  of  cultivated  delicate  flowers  and 
plants,  it  was  entirely  impracticable  to  obtain  any  considerable 
display  of  these  from  remote  parts  of  the  State.  As  it  is,  the 
Floricultural  section,  with  its  lavish  profusion  of  the  choicest 
material  and  beautiful  arrangement  combines  admirably  with 
the  pomological  section  to  which  it  is  so  naturally  and  closely 
allied. 

The  entire  section  has  been,  and  will  continue  to  be,  subject 
to  daily  changes  of  products  throughout  the  entire  term  of  the 
Exposition. 


IKE  LIBRARY 

OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


35 


STATE  FISH  COMMISSION  EXHIBIT. 

When  the  act  creating  the  Illinois  State  Board  of  World's 
Fair  Commissioners  was  passed,  and  an  appropriation  made  to 
enable  them  to  adequately  display  the  resources  of  the  State,  an 
item  directing  the  Illinois  State  Fish  Commission  to  make  an 
exhibit  of  the  fishes  of  Illinois  to  illustrate  the  work  of  the  com- 
mission was  included. 

A  number  of  consultations  were  had  between  the  Board  of 
Illinois  World's  Fair  Commissioners  and  the  Fish  Commissioners 
as  to  the  best  mode  of  making  such  exhibit.  Direct  supervision 
of  this  matter  was  turned  over  to  the  committee  on  Natural 
History,  and  after  a  thorough  canvass  of  the  whole  matter 
it  was  decided  to  depart  from  the  beaten  path  heretofore 
followed  in  making  a  live  fish  display,  and  to  undertake  to  show 
fish  under  conditions  as  nearly  natural  as  possible,  discarding 
the  use  of  the  aquaria. 

With  this  end  in  view  the  secretary  of  the  State  Fish  Com- 
mission was  authorized  to  make  such  experiments  as  would  lead 
up  to  such  a  plan  of  exhibit.  Plans  were  suggested  and  after  a 
thorough  canvass  by  the  committee  on  Natural  History  they  were 
adopted.  A  simple  bit  of  nature  suggested  itself — a  hill,  over 
which  in  broken  streams  flowed  a  body  of  water,  falling  into  a 
succession  of  pools,  each  lower  than  the  preceding  one,  until  the 
water  finally  found  its  way  into  a  larger  pool,  or  miniature  lake, 
and  lost  itself  in  a  covered  and  unseen  outlet.  The  work  of  the 
architect  was  perfect,  and  nature  was  closely  followed  in  the 
arrangement  of  the  vine- covered  and  moss  grown  rocks,  through 
which  the  water  dropped  in  beautiful  cascades,  and  flowing  from 
one  pool  to  another  developed  as  a  whole  not  only  a  beautiful 
picture,  but  one  of  the  most  successful  aquaria  yet  devised. 
These  pools  were  about  twelve  inches  in  depth  and  in  their  ar- 
rangement gave  a  surface  exposure  almost  equal  to  the  whole 


36 

floor  space  allotted  for  the  exhibit.  The  fish  with  which  the 
waters  of  the  exhibit  were  stocked  thrived  beyond  the  most  san- 
guine expectations  of  the  projectors  and  the  loss,  usually  so 
heavy  in  the  old  style  aquaria,  was  materially  rediiced,  demon- 
strating, beyond  any  question,  the  possibility  of  so  caring  for  fish 
as  to  keep  them  for  an  v  nlimited  time  in  perfect  health. 

The  lake  water  used,  which  in  its  natural  state  is  not,  for  the 
greater  part  of  the  time,  clear  enough  for  aquarium  purposes, 
was  thoroughly  filtered,  and  said  filtering  contributed  very 
largely  to  the  success  of  the  exhibit,  the  water  being  so  clear 
that  every  scale  on  the  fishes  could  be  seen  perfectly. 

The  fish  used  in  making  this  exhibit  were  such  as  are  annu- 
ally distributed  by  the  Fish  Commission  in  their  regular  work, 
and  were  taken,  or  rescued  from  the  drying  pools  along  the 
rivers.  Annually  thousands  of  fish  are  left  in  these  drying  pools 
by  the  receding  waters,  and  the  work  of  the  commission  has  been 
to  rescue  them  by  the  use  of  seines,  and  after  sorting  out  the 
best  and  transporting  them  to  inland  waters  and  depositing  them 
therein,  the  residue  were  put  into  the  rivers  or  lakes  near  where 
they  were  taken. 

The  photographic  views  surrounding  the  exhibit  give  a  very 
clear  idea  as  to  the  methods  used  in  the  work  of  the  Fish  Commis- 
sion. 


THE  LIBERT 

OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


39 


ARCHEOLOGY. 

RELICS    OF    THE    STONE    AGE. 


To  the  theoretic  student  who  is  inclined  to  speculate  on  the 
hidden  mysteries  of  the  past,  we  offer  a  wide  field  in  our  Archae- 
ological collection.  That  a  wonderful  and  intelligent  race 
peopled  this  country  prior  to  the  advent  of  the  red  man  is  abun- 
dantly attested,  but  that  they  should  have  passed  away  without 
some  distinct  record  of  their  origin  and  history  is  truly  remark  - 
able.  The  dumb  relics  alone  testify  to  their  existence  and  is  the 
only  history  of  a  once  numerous  and  intelligent  people. 

The  advancement  of  Illinois  as  the  leading  agricultural  State 
in  the  Union,  with  all  the  improvements  of  modern  machinery, 
has  been  so  remarkable,  that  in  the  great  display  of  our  progress 
it  is  naturally  suggested  to  compare  the  age  of  steel  with  the 
stone  age.  It  is  not  generally  known  that  the  rich  fields  of  Illi- 
nois were  in  ancient  times,  may  be  thousands  of  years  ago, 
inhabited  by  a  primitive  people,  who  subsisted  largely  by  agri- 
culture, and  who  had  the  skill  to  make  implements  of  stone  that 
will  be  a  surprise  to  many  who  behold  them.  These  are  spades 
and  hoes  and  various  agricultural  tools,  some  of  which  even 
resemble  old-fashioned  plows,  that  are  skillfully  chipped  from 
flint;  besides  there  are  axes,  hammers  and  other  tools  of  stone 
and  even  of  iron  ore,  that  besides  their  weapons  and  implements 
of  the  chase  are  simply  wonderful  as  showing  not  only  the  sk  ill 
and  ingenuity  of  manufacture,  but  that  the  region  of  Illinois, 
even  in  the  olden  time,  was  the  leading  locality  of  the  primitive 
people  of  North  America.  In  Illinois  were  the  largest  mounds 
in  the  United  States,  as  is  shown  in  the  photographs  and  repro- 


40 

ductions  of  the  great  Cohokia  Group  in  Madison  County,  near 
East  St.  Louis.  The  center  mound  of  this  group  is  over  100 
feet  high  and  covers  sixteen  acres  of  ground. 

In  our  exhibit  are  100  pieces  of  pottery  from  this  region 
showing  their  skill  in  the  ceramic  art.  Our  Archaeological 
exhibit  will  be  an  invaluable  collection  for  the  student  to  learn 
something  not  only  of  the  primitive  history  of  our  State's  first 
inhabitants,  but  of  general  Ethnology. 

CASE  No.  1. — A  representative  exhibit  of  the  flint  tools  of  the 
stone  age.  Each  specimen  has  printed  or  written  on  it  the  lo- 
cality where  found. 

CASE  No.  2  contains  a  series  of  (a)  discoidals,  or  excavated 
discs;  (6)  a  series  of  paddle  shaped  stone  implements  of  fine 
workmanship;  (c)  collection  of  ancient  ceremonial  pipes  taken 
from,  mounds ;  (d)  fine  ceremonial  or  banner  stones.  Some  of 
these  are  of  quartzite  and  perforated.  For  what  purpose  they 
were  used  is  unknown. 

CASE  No.  3. — This  case  contains  a  fine  representation  of  the 
axes  and  hammer  tools  of  the  stone  age. 

CASE  No.  4  contains  a  representative  collection  of  the  ancient 
agricultural  implements  of  the  stone  age,  or  stone  tools  used  in 
digging. 

CASE  No.  5  contains,  besides  three  large  and  fine  mound 
pipes,  (a)  a  series  of  ornaments  of  shell  and  copper. 

This  case  also  contains  a  number  of  (6)  rare  copper  objects 
from  the  mounds :  copper  axes,  needles,  breastplates  and  gorgets. 
There  is  also  a  number  of  bone  implements  and  some  calcined 
corn  taken  from  a  mound. 

CASE  No.  6 — This  case  is  similar  to  No.  1.  being  a  fine  repre- 
sentation of  the  ancient  flint  tools  found  in  Illinois. 

In  this  collection  is  a  unique  and  very  odd-shaped  lot  of  flints 
from  Calhoun  county. 

CASE  No.  7. — The  objects  in  this  very  prettily  arranged  case, 
which  is  fastened  to  the  wall,  form  a  private  collection  of  flints 
loaned  by  Mr.  J.  C.  Converse  of  Sandwich,  111. 

CASE  No.  8.  — This  large  case  against  the  wall  contains  about 
lOOpieces  of  ancient  mound  potter  if  taken  from  mounds  in  Illinois. 


41 

FLOOR  CASES. 

1.  Clays,  sands,  cements  and  geological  sections  across  the 
State  of  Illinois. 

2.  Soils,  rocks  and  geological   section  across  the  State  of 
Illinois. 

3.  Stratified  rocks  and  fish  remains. 

4.  Stratified  rocks,  geodes  and  geodized  fossils. 

5.  (East  side)  Crustacea,  insecta,  cephalopoda,  (west  side) 
saomellibranchiata,  pteropoda. 

6.  (East  side)  cephalopoda,  (west  side)  gasteropoda. 

7.  (East  side)  brachiopoda,  (west  side)  crinoidea,  cystidea, 
echinaidea,  blastoidese. 

8.  Brachiopoda  and  bryozoa. 

9.  (East  side)  crinoidea,  (west  side)  spongia  and  corals. 
10.     Crinoidea  and  corals. 

11  and  12.      Plantse. 

13.  Sithographic  stone  from  Illinois  with  samples  of  work; 
lead,  zinc  and  iron  ores  with  associated  minerals  and  collection 
illustrating  azoic  and  sedimentary  rocks  found  in  glacial  deposits 
in  Illinois.     A  part  of  this  collection  is  upon  a  stand  just  east  of 
this  case. 

14.  Lithographic  stone  from   Illinois  with  samples  of  work. 
On  wall  south  of  cases  6,  8  and  10  are  '"cores"  from  diamond 

drill  borings  in  Illinois. 

On  floor  north  of  cases  5  and  7,  building  stone  and  coal. 


OF 


Of 


THE  UBMt 

OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


47 


GEOLOGICAL  DEPARTMENT. 

This  department  is  arranged  with  a  view  of  presenting, 
in  a  comprehensive  manner,  the  geological  structures  of  the 
State  and  our  natural  resources  in  soils,  rocks,  coals,  ores 
and  other  like  materials  of  importance  to  our  industries.  It 
comprises  maps,  diagrams  and  collections  of  all  the  stratigraph- 
ical  elements  of  the  earth's  crust  within  the  boundaries  of  the 
State,  from  the  surface  down  to  the  bottom  of  our  coal  shafts 
and  artesian  wells,  with  a  nearly  complete  series  of  all  the  fos- 
sil species  of  animals  and  plants  hitherto  discovered  in  our 
rocks,  and  a  selection  of  materials  of  economical  interest. 

A  large  portion  of  these  collections  has  been  supplied  by  the 
Illinois  State  Museum  of  Natural  History  in  Springfield.  Much 
has  been  added  by  special  work  done  since  the  spring  of  last 
year  under  the  direction  of  the  State  Geologist,  co-operating 
with  the  Board. 

It  is  well  known  that  Illinois  has  an  abundance  of  rich  agri- 
cultural soils,  and  some  less  good;  but  the  exact  properties  of 
these  various  soils  has  never  before  been  investigated,  nor  have  the 
respective  areas  of  their  distribution  been  denned  until  now. 

Maps  prepared  and  on  exhibition,  together  with  samples  of 
soils,  will  give  a  very  correct  idea  of  their  location,  and  can  not 
fail  to  be  of  great  importance  to  the  agricultural  interests  of  the 
State. 

In  the  production  of  limestone  for  building  purposes  Illinois 
contributes  very  nearly  one-third  as  much  as  all  the  other  States 
in  the  Union  together.  Some  of  the  more  important  quarries 
are  represented  by  exhibits  of  dressed  cubes  of  their  stone. 

Lithographic  stone  has  hitherto  been  supplied  to  the  World 
from  one  single  locality,  Solenhofen  in  Bavaria.  But  within  the 
last  year  inexhaustible  quarries  of  such  stone  have  been  opened 
in  Alexander  County,  111. ,  and  we  have  on  exhibition  a  large  series 


48 

of  engraved  stones  and  transfers  from  these  quarries,  showing- 
that  this  State  will  be  amply  able  to  supply  at  least  our  own 
continent  with  its  need  of  this  commodity. 

In  coal  production  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  stands  first  in 
the  Union.  But  of  all  the  coal  mined  in  the  United  States,  outside 
of  Pennsylvania,  our  own  State  contributes  one-fourth,  the  actual 
out-put  approximating  twenty  million  tons  annually.  Some 
of  our  more  important  mines  are  represented  by  exhibits  inside 
the  building,  while  some  of  them  have  placed  on  the  lawn  in  front 
of  this  building,  columns  of  coal  cut  in  a  single  piece  from  top 
to  bottom  of  the  coal  seam,  to  show  its  full  thickness. 

Our  clays  and  shales,  and  other  materials  utilized  in  the  cera- 
mic arts,  represent  a  great  variety  of  quality,  and  occur  in  inex- 
haustible quantity.  A  selection  of  them  is  to  be  seen  among  the 
geological  exhibits  together  with  some  manufactured  articles, 
illustrating  their  utilization.  A  set  of  fine/aze?/ce,  made  of  Union 
County  materials,  is  on  exhibition. 

Illinois  has  the  only  fluor-spar  mine  in  the  United  States,  and 
a  good  display  of  this  valuable  mineral  is  to  be  seen  in  the  build- 
ing, together  with  lead,  zinc  and  iron  ores  from  the  same  and 
other  mines. 

The  Paleontological  Department  contains,  among  other  inter- 
esting fossils,  more  than  1,000  types  of  new  species,  first  made 
known  to  the  scientific  world  by  descriptions  and  figures  pub- 
lished in  the  series  of  reports  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Illinois. 


GLACIAL  GEOLOGY  OF  ILLINOIS. 

Until  the  investigations  relating  to  the  great  waterway 
project  now  in  process  of  construction  the  glacial  geology  seems 
to  have  been  almost  entirely  overlooked  and  misunderstood  by 
the  representatives  of  the  State,  as  well  as  by  those  of  the 
United  States  Geological  Survey;  but  the  thorough  investiga- 
tions above  referred  to  and  those  required  for  the  geological  and 
relief  map*  for  the  World's  Fair,  demonstrate  that  instead  of 


49 

the  Illinois  Valley  being  a  water-worn  valley  it  is  a  glacial  path- 
way of  first  magnitude,  and  through  which  four  great  Canadian 
glaciers  moved  in  their  passage  from  their  Arctic  birthplace  to 
the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi.  This  statement  is  based  upon 
data  already  collected  and  shown  by  the  collection  relating  to 
the  glacial  geology  of  the  State  and  the  lake  region,  by  the 
geological  map  and  the  relief  map  of  Illinois,  the  latter,  especially, 
revealing  at  one  view  the  glacial  conditions  which  prevailed  over 
nearly  the  entire  area  of  the  State,  thousands  of  years  ago,  and 
brought  hither  in  the  form  of  englacial  drift,  and  spread  broad- 
cast, through  the  agency  of  the  various  glacial  streams  entering 
the  Illinois  Valley,  the  material  which  pre-eminently  entitles 
her  to  the  cognomen  of  the  "  Prairie  State." 

By  far  the  larger  area  of  the  State  was  glaciated  from  the 
east  from  the  great  Lake  Huron  stream,  which  invaded  the 
State  by  a  series  of  inferior  streams  whose  aggregate  width  was 
about  200  miles,  which  fact  accounts  for  the  dispersion  of  the 
material  and  the  broad  extent  of  the  prairies  of  Illinois.  The 
Illinois  Valley  represents  the  equilibrium  line  between  the  con- 
tending glacial  streams  entering  the  State.  The  valley  now 
occupied  by  Lake  Michigan  being  in  a  measure  obstructed  by 
the  northern  peninsula  of  Michigan,  the  valley  of  Lake  Huron 
presented  the  line  of  least  resistance,  which  was  followed  in 
obedience  to  natural  laws. 

From  the  fact  of  the  convergence  of  the  great  glacial  streams 
above  mentioned  from  so  vast  an  area  into  the  State,  the  geolo- 
gist will  find  intermingled  in  her  drift  a  greater  variety  of  bowld- 
ers than  can  be  found  in  an  equal  area  elsewhere.  This  state- 
ment seems  fully  justified  by  the  collection  on  exhibition,  every 
specimen  of  which  is  represented  in  the  drift  of  Illinois.  The 
geologist  will  find  in  this  collection  fragments  of  conglomerate 
bowlders,  in  which  he  will  find  pebbles  and  bowlders  which  are 
exact  duplicates  of  typical  glaciated  pebbles  and  bowlders 
found  in  the  drift  of  to-day,  and  which  are  of  such  shape  as  to 
preclude  the  possibility  that  they  were  water- worn.  He  may 
also  trace  some  of  these  same  conglomerates,  which  are  of  unmis- 
takable identity,  back  to  their  nativity,  over  900  miles  away,  by  a 


50 

route  so  sharply  defined  as  to  preclude  the  possibility  that  they 
•were  transported  hither  by  floating  ice.  He  may  trace  drift  cop- 
per from  Alton  back  through  the  Illinois  Valley  to  the  west 
•shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  thence  along  that  shore  to  the  cop- 
per region  of  Lake  Superior,  along  a  line  conspicuous  above  all 
others  for  the  distribution  of  copper.  Distinguishing  features 
^or  all  the  glacial  streams  entering  Illinois  are  so  clearly  demon- 
•strated  in  our  collection  as  to  seem  to  fully  justify  the  conclusion 
above  indicated. 


THE  Lie^BY 

OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


53 


THE  CLAY  EXHIBIT. 

The  Illinois  clay  exhibit,  as  shown  by  the  illustration, 
consists  of  a  space  21x21  feet.  The  space  is  enclosed  with 
a  rustic  fence  made  from  tile  and  terra  cotta,  covered  with 
ferns,  vines  and  flowers.  The  pyramid  which  stands  in  the  cen- 
ter of  the  space  is  sixteen  feet  in  diameter,  octagon  in  shape, 
veneered  with  fine  pressed  brick  of  many  colors,  shapes  and  sizes, 
and  decorated  with  tile,  terra  cotta,  lawn  vases,  window  boxes, 
flower  pots,  rustics,  statuary,  etc.,  with  growing  plants,  vines 
and  flowers.  A  rule  of  the  National  Commission  provides  that 
no  manufactured  goods  shall  be  shown  in  State  buildings. 
This  exhibit  is  not  intended  for  a  display  of  manufactured 
goods,  but  a  place  built  from  manufactured  clay  goods  on 
which  to  show  Illinois  clays.  Clays  of  many  kinds  and 
qualities  in  glass  jars  are  placed  on  the  shelves  of  the  pyramid. 
Among  the  collection  are  clays  suitable  for  the  manufact- 
uring of  paving,  common,  pressed,  ornamental  and  fire  brick; 
terra  cotta  of  many  colors,  sewer  pipe,  fire-proofing,  drain 
tile,  pottery,  flower  pots,  rustic  statuary,  white  granite  and  in- 
costic  tiles.  Over  80,000  persons  are  employed  yearly  in  the 
factories  of  this  State;  seven  hundred  million  brick  were  manu- 
factured in  the  vicinity  of  Chicago  in  1892,  while  in  other  cities 
in  the  State  millions  of  building  and  paving  brick  of  the  finest 
quality  were  made.  We  have  large  terra-cotta  works  in  the 
State,  also  sewer- pipe  and  fire-brick  factories.  We  have  five 
hundred  drain-tile  factories,  many  of  which  are  run  twelve  months 
each  year  and  are  even  then  unable  to  supply  the  demand. 
There  is  an  unlimited  quantity  of  clay  in  our  State,  which  for 
quality  will  compare  favorably  with  the  clays  of  any  State  in  the 
Union. 


54 


DEPARTMENT    OP    NATURAL    HISTORY     AND    ARCHE- 
OLOGY. 

This  department  consists  of  the  following  exhibits:  Labora- 
tory of  natural  history,  fishery,  forestry,  geology  and  achseology. 
The  division  known  as  the  laboratory  of  natural  history  was  pre- 
pared under  the  direction  and  special  supervision  of  the 
State  Eutomologist.  It  is  a  most  interesting  exhibit.  The 
entomological  and  ornithological  as  well  as  the  ichthyological 
exhibits  have  been  pronounced  by  scientists  as  superior  to  any 
exhibition  of  the  kind  heretofore  attempted.  The  whole  division 
will  be  found  very  interesting  to  the  student  of  nature  or  even 
the  casual  observer.  The  subjoined  catalogue  will  be  of  mate- 
rial aid  to  the  visitor. 


STATE  LABORATORY  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY. 

ENTOMOLOGICAL    EXHIBIT. 

1.  ILLINOIS  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  APPLE. — Specimens  of 
one  or  more  stages  of  the  insect,  enlarged  figures,  and  work  of 
176  species. 

2.  ILLINOIS  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  CORN. — Specimens   of  one 
or  more  stages  of  the  insect,  enlarged  figures,  and  work  of  149 
species. 

3.  ILLINOIS  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  WHEAT. — Specimens  of  one 
or  more  stages  of  the  insect,  enlarged  figures,  and  work  of  fifty- 
seven  species. 

4.  ILLINOIS  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  STRAWBERRY. — Speci- 
mens of  one  or  more  stages  of  the  insect,  enlarged  figures,  and 
work  of  fifty-one  species. 


55 

5.  COMMON  INSECTS  OF  ILLINOIS. — A  collection  of  about  1,600 
species,  representing  the  different  orders  and  families. 

6.  THE  GEOGRAPHICAL  DISTRIBUTION  OF  ILLINOIS  BUTTEKFLIES 
shown  by   a  set  of  specimens  of  the  species:  (a)  Common  to 
Illinois  and  the  Atlantic  Slope;  (6)  common  to  Illinois  and  the 
Pacific   Slope;  (c)   common  to  Illinois   and  Europe;  (d)  found 
throughout  Illinois;    (e)    found    in  northern    Illinois  only;  (/) 
found  in  southern  Illinois  only. 

7.  INSECT  COLLECTION  AS  FURNISHED  BY  THE  STATE  LABORATORY 
OF  NATURAL  HISTORY  TO  ILLINOIS  HIGH    SCHOOLS. — A    collection 
of   about   460   species,    representing   the   different   orders   and 
families. 

8.  INSECTS  EATEN  BY  BIRDS.  — A  collection  showing  the  species 
and  higher  groups   of   insects  that  have    been    found   by   the 
Laboratory  in  the  stomachs  of  birds. 

9.  INSECTS  EATEN    BY    FISHES. — A    collection    showing    the 
species  and  higher  groups  of  insects  that  have  been  found  by 
the  Laboratory  in  the  stomachs  of  fishes. 

10.  FOOD  OF  INSECTS. — A  collection  showing  the  animal  and 
vegetable  constituents  of  the  food  of  insects  so  far  as  they  have 
been  determined  by  the  Laboratory  by  a  microscopic  examina- 
tion of  the  stomachs  of  the  insects. 


ORNITHOLOGICAL  EXHIBIT. 

1 .  A  collection  of  the  birds  that  reside  during  the  winter  in 
northern  Illinois. 

2.  A  collection  of  the  winter  residents  throughout  Illinois. 

3.  A  collection  of  the  winter  residents  of  southern  Illinois. 

4.  A   collection    of  the  summer  residents  of   southern  Ill- 
inois. 

5.  A  collection  of  the  summer  residents    of  northern  Ill- 
inois. 

6.  A  collection  of  the  summer  residents  throughout  Illinois. 


56 

7.  A  collection  of  the  migrants  passing  through  Illinois. 

8.  A  collection  of  stragglers  in  Illinois. 

9.  A  collection  of  the  common  game  birds  of  Illinois. 

10.  A  group  of  wild  turkeys. 

11.  A  group  of  prairie  hens. 

12.  A  group  of  American  crossbills. 

13.  A  pair  of  green  herons,  with  nest  and  eggs. 

14.  A  group  of  woodpeckers. 

15.  A  collection  of  the  eggs  of  birds  nesting  in  Illinois. 

16.  The  food  of  the  robin;  a  collection  showing  the  total 
food,  both  animal  and  vegetable,  eaten  by  the  average   robin 
during  the  part  of  the  year  that  is  spent  in  Illinois. 


ICHTHYOLOGICAL  EXHIBIT. 

1.  A  collection  of  the  fishes  of  Illinois,  grouped  as  perches, 
paddle-fishes,  gar-fishes,  bow-fins,  sturgeons,  suckers,  catfishes, 
minnows  and  sun-fishes. 


EQUIPMENT  OF  ENTOMOLOGISTS'  OFFICE  AND  INSECTARY. 

This  equipment  is  arranged  in  two  rooms,  representing  an 
office  and  insectary  respectively.  It  may  be  grouped  under  the 
following  heads: 

1.  LIBBARY. — Consisting  of  (a)  the  books  or  library  proper, 
represented    in   this  exhibit   by  a    small  section   of  the   actual 
library  of  the  State  Laboratory,   and  by  a  complete   set   of   the 
works   published  by    the  Laboratory;    and  of    (6)  the   Library 
Catalogue,  represented  by  that  portion  of   the  catalogue   of  the 
Entomological  works  of  the  State  Laboratory  coming  under  the 
letters  "a"  to  "dt"  inclusive. 

2.  OFFICE  COLLECTION. — Consisting  of  (a)  pinned  insects,  in 
boxes,  represented  by  a  few  of  the  boxes  of   coleoptera  and  lepi- 
doptera  of  the  actual   collection  of  the    State   Laboratory;  (6) 


57 

insects  in  vials,  represented  by  a  few  racks  of  the  pattern   used 
by  the  Laboratory. 

3.  NOTES  AND  RECORDS. — (a)    Slip    Notes  in   boxes  in   case 
with   "office  collection;"   (6)   accessions  catalogue,  and  (c)  spe- 
cial catalogue,  on  table  with  "Publications  of  the  Laboratory;" 
(d)    card  indexes  to  accession  catalogue  and  species  catalogue 
in  drawer  of  "Library  Catalogue"  case. 

4.  APPARATUS  FOR  COLLECTION  AND  PRESERVATION  OF  INSECTS, 
including  implements  for  (a)  ordinary  day  collecting;  (6)  night 
collecting  by  light;  (c)  night  collecting  by  sugaring;  (d)  ordinary 
mounting  by  pinning  and  on  paper  points;  (e)  preservation   of 
larvae   in  alcohol;  (/)    preservation    of  larvae    by   inflation;  (g) 
printing  of  labels  for  specimens. 

5.  A   set   of  the   common  reagents   used  in   entomological 
work. 

6.  Apparatus  for  the  measuring,  weighing,  mixing,  etc.,  of 
the  various  reagents  used  in  entomological  work. 

7.  Apparatus  used  in  the  microscopic  study  of  insects;  in- 
cluding implements  used  in  hardening,  sectioning,  staining,  and 
mounting  microscopic  specimens. 

8.  Implements  and  materials  used  in  making  pen  and  ink 
drawings  and  water  color  figures  of  insects. 

9.  Furniture  and    implements  required  in  the  ordinary  cler- 
ical work  of  an  office;  including  desks,  type- write,    letter   press, 
«tc. 

10.  Breeding  cages  and  jars  of  various  sizes  and  styles  used 
in  studying  the  life  histories  of  insects. 

1 1.  Apparatus  used  in  the  propagation  of  insect  diseases. 


THE  LHWMW 

OF  THE 
UHWERS1TY  OF  ILLINOIS 


63 


EDUCATIONAL    EXHIBIT. 


UNIVEESITY  OF  ILLINOIS. 

The  exhibit  by  the  University  of  Illinois  represents  in  dis- 
tinct departments  its  College  of  Agriculture  and  Agricultural 
Experiment  Station;  the  colleges  of  engineering,  of  science, 
and  of  literature,  and  the  department  of  art  and  design.  In. 
each  case  the  exhibit  illustrates  the  facilities  for  and  the  meth- 
ods and  results  of  the  instruction  given.  There  are  pictures  and 
plans  of  the  buildings,  farms,  experiment  grounds,  shops, 
laboratories  and  museums;  specimens  of  the  apparatus  used  in 
the  teaching  of  the  various  sciences  and  their  application  to 
agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts,  and  of  work  done  by  students 
of  all  departments. 

The  College  of  Engineering  occupies  the  largest  space  with 
the  showing  made  from  its  departments  of  architecture  and  of 
civil,  electrical,  mechanical  and  mining  engineering.  There 
are  plans  and  models  of  buildings  designed,  machineiy  planned 
and  made,  railroad  lines  surveyed  by  students,  and  a  large  collec- 
tion of  apparatus. 

The  College  of  Science  occupies  the  next  largest  space  with 
its  departments  of  botany,  chemistry,  geology,  psychology  and 
zoology,  in  each  illustrations  being  given  of  the  laboratory  work 
performed  by  students,  and  specimens  from  the  various  museums. 

The  College  of  Agriculture  combines  its  exhibit  with  that  of 
the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  showing  samples  of  the 
products  of  the  farms  and  Experiment  Station  plats,  including 
a  large  collection  from  the  University's  artificial  forestry  planta- 
tion. There  are  selections  from  the  apparatus  used  in  the  vet- 
erinary department. 

The  College  of  Literature  has  fewer  material  things  to  show, 
but  illustrates  its  work  by  a  large  number  of  examination  papers, 
essays  and  theses  prepared  by  the  students. 


64 

The  work  done  iu  industrial  art  and  design  is  shown  by- 
many  drawings  made  by  students  from  the  objects  represented, 
showing  both  the  nature  and  the  order  of  the  work. 

The  University  of  Illinois  is  situated  between  the  two  cities 
of  Champaign  and  Urbana,  128  miles  southward  from  Chicago. 
It  owes  its  origin  to  the  grant  of  land  scrip  by  Congress  in  1862 
to  each  State  "  for  the  endowment,  support  and  maintenance  of 
at  least  one  college,  whose  leading  object  shall  be,  without 
excluding  other  scientific  and  classical  studies,  and  including 
military  tactics,  to  teach  such  branches  of  learning  as  are  related 
to  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts  *  #  #  #  *  jn  order 
to  promote  the  liberal  and  practical  education  of  the  industrial 
classes  in  the  several  pursuits  and  professions  of  life."  The 
State  received  scrip  for  480,000  acres  of  land.  Champaign 
County  and  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  made  large  donations  to 
secure  the  location.  The  State  Legislature  has  made  appropria- 
tions aggregating  $879,900.  The  estimated  value  of  the  Univer- 
sity property  is  about  $1,372,000. 

The  University  was  incorporated  in  1867  and  opened  to  stu- 
dents in  1868.  It  has  had  2,944  matriculated  students.  For 
the  year  1892-93  its  enrollment  was  714.  It  has  over  fifty  pro- 
fessors and  instructors. 

The  University  is  under  the  control  of  a  Board  of  Trustees — 
composed  of  the  Governor  of  the  State,  the  President  of  the 
State  Board  of  Agriculture,  and  the  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction,  ex  officus,  and  nine  members  elected  by  the  people. 

The  University  has  colleges  of  agriculture,  with  several 
full  courses,  aside  from  special  short  courses;  of  engineering, 
with  courses  in  mechanical,  electrical,  civil,  municipal  and 
architectural  engineering,  and  in  architecture;  of  science, 
with  schools  of  chemistry  and  of  natural  science,  each  with 
several  distinct  courses;  of  literature,  with  courses  in  English 
and  modern  languages,  in  Latin,  in  classics  and  in  philosophy 
and  pedagogy.  There  are  also  schools  of  military  science  and 
of  art  and  design,  and  a  graduate  school.  A  preparatory 
department  is  also  maintained. 

The  exhibit  by  the  University  is  much  the  largest  made  by 
any  educational  institution  in  any  department  of  the  Exposition. 


nimsin 


67 

Its  assignment  of  space  is  6, 200  square  feet.  This  large  space  is 
more  than  usually  filled;  perhaps  too  much  so  for  the  best  appear- 
ance of  the  exhibit,  which  has  been  planned  with  reference  to 
illustrating  the  work  of  the  University  in  its  various  depart- 
ments, rather  than  with  the  purpose  of  compelling  the  attention 
of  those  looking  for  especially  showy  things. 

The  exhibit  is  divided  into  six  general  departments,  one  for 
each  of  the  four  colleges,  one  for  the  art  department,  and  a 
small  general  exhibit.  In  each  case  the  attempt  has  been  made 
to  illustrate  the  facilities  for  instruction,  and  the  methods  and 
results  of  instruction. 

The  College  of  Agriculture  and  the  Agricultural  Experi- 
ment Station  have  a  joint  exhibit.  There  are  maps  and  pictures 
of  the  farms,  experiment  plats  and  buildings;  specimens  of  the 
products  of  the  fields,  and  an  especially  good  showing  of  grains. 
Horticultural  products  are  represented  by  casts  of  fruits.  There 
is  a  good  collection  of  woods  from  the  artificial  forests.  The 
large  amount  and  variety  of  work  done  in  the  botanical  and 
chemical  laboratories  of  the  station  is  indicated  by  specimens  of 
apparatus  and  collections,  and  by  charts  showing  results  of 
work  done.  There  is  a  well-arranged  chemist's  table  with  its 
outfit,  including  a  number  of  contrivances  invented  at  the 
station. 

The  veterinary  department  shows  a  model  of  the  horse,  and 
skeletons  of  the  horse  and  cow,  with  collection  of  drugs  used  in 
veterinary  medicine. 

Because  of  the  nature  of  the  work,  and  the  number  of  distinct 
departments,  the  College  of  Engineering  has  the  largest  exhibit. 
The  aim  has  been  to  illustrate  both  the  method  of  instruction 
and  the  character  of  the  work  done  in  the  seven  technical  or 
professional  courses  of  the  college.  Photographs  and  specimens 
of  the  equipment  of  the  shops,  laboratories,  draughting  rooms 
and  museums  are  shown.  The  exhibit  of  students'  work,  com- 
prising drawings,  maps,  plans,  designs,  models  and  shop  work, 
as  well  as  results  of  original  investigation,  is  large  and  varied. 
Courses  of  study  are  shown  by  charts,  and  the  rapid  growth  in 
number  of  students  in  these  courses  is  shown  graphically. 

In    the   department    of    mechanical    engineering    machines 


ready  for  operating,  apparatus  for  use  in  testing  steam  engines 
and  boilers,  and  for  other  purposes  in  the  experiment  labora- 
tory; a  display  of  work  done  by  students  in  the  mechanical 
shops,  from  ordinary  practice  pieces  to  a  steam  pump;  drawings 
and  designs  for  engines  and  other  machinery,  as  well  as  the 
work  of  the  various  theoretical  studies  of  the  courses,  are  shown. 

In  the  exhibit  by  the  department  of  civil  engineering  are 
specimen  surveying  and  astronomical  instruments,  many 
volumes  of  problems,  drawings  and  designs,  and  a  collection  of 
maps,  plans  and  designs  in  surveying,  railroad  and  road 
engineering,  geodosy,  astronomy,  bridge  design,  water  supply 
engineering,  etc. ,  from  the  survey  of  a  farm  field  to  the  location 
of  a  railroad,  and  from  the  design  of  a  sewer  to  the  plan  of  a 
long-span  bridge. 

The  architectural  exhibit  is  composed  mostly  of  drawings 
and  designs  made  by  students.  Here  are  drawings  of  residences 
and  great  buildings  in  the  same  detail  and  finish  as  might  be 
sent  out  from  an  architect's  office.  Models  of  stairs  and  shop 
practice  work  in  carpentry  and  joinery,  turning  and  cabinet- 
making  form  an  attractive  display.  The  whole  course  of  study 
is  illustrated. 

In  mining  engineering,  a  similar  line  of  drawings,  photo- 
graphs and  models  from  assay  specimens  to  mine  operation 
show  faithfully  the  character  and  methods  of  the  instruction. 

The  exhibit  from  the  department  of  physics  consists  of  full 
sets  of  apparatus  used  by  students  of  the  sophomore  class  in 
studying  in  the  laboratory  the  most  important  principles  of 
physics.  Accompanying  the  set  of  apparatus  for  each  experi- 
ment is  a  note-book  of  a  student  showing  the  original  record  of 
his  work.  Photographs  of  the  cabinets  of  apparatus  used  in 
illustrating  lectures  and  of  the  lecture  room  and  laboratory  are 
also  shown. 

The  exhibit  from  the  department  of  electrical  engineering 
consists  of  a  large  motor,  a  large  direct  current  dynamo  mounted 
upon  a  cradle  dynamometer,  a  water  rheostat,  various  types  of 
storage  batteries  and  sets  of  apparatus  for  typical  experiments 
in  direct  current  work.  A  set  of  photographs  show  some  of  the 
most  important  rooms  of  the  electrical  engineering  laboratory. 


69 

The  College  of  Science  has  the  next  largest  assignment  of 
space.  In  natural  science  an  attempt  is  made  to  show  the 
equipment  for  students'  use  in  their  regular  laboratory  and  class- 
room work,  and  to  present  examples  of  illustrative  material.  Of 
the  former  there  are  laboratory  desks  fitted  up  with  instruments 
and  material,  microscopes,  dissecting  instruments,  bottles  of 
stains  and  reagents,  drawing  apparatus,  etc.  There  are  also 
shown  the  results  of  such  work  by  prepared  specimens. 

There  is  an  attractive  display  of  mounted  mammals  and  birds, 
and  a  wonderful  series  of  dissections  in  alcohol,  together  with 
interesting  exhibits  of  wax  models,  drawings  and  charts.  On  the 
botanical  side  is  a  fully  equipped  bacteriological  table,  photo- 
micrographs of  wood  sections,  some  of  which  are  greatly  en- 
larged, an  herbarium,  and  cases  of  apparatus  and  specimens. 

In  the  geological  exhibit  is  shown  a  student's  outfit  of  tools 
and  chemicals,  microscope,  with  slides,  etc.,  a  series  of  orna- 
mental stones,  and  samples  of  Illinois  building  stones;  samples 
of  the  University  collection  of  casts  of  fossils,  and  a  series  of 
charts  illustrating  the  working  of  geological  forces  in  different 
localities. 

In  the  exhibit  by  the  chemical  department,  a  desk,  such  as  is 
used  at  the  University,  is  shown,with  the  fittings, apparatus,  chem- 
icals, etc.,  supplied  to  students.  Sets  of  chemical  preparations, 
both  inorganic  and  organic,  which  have  been  made  by  students, 
are  exhibited,  as  illustrating  the  scope  of  their  work,  as  well  as 
the  care  and  skill  exercised  in  manipulation.  There  is  also  a 
supplementary  set  of  organic  and  inorganic  substances,  not  pre- 
pared by  students,  but  used  together  with  the  other  sets  in  illus- 
tration of  the  subjects  then  under  consideration. 

The  work  in  quantitative  analysis  is  represented  by  sets  giving 
graphic  illustration  of  chemical  composition  of  ordinary  sub- 
stances, such  as  milk,  butter,  coal,  clay,  glass,  etc.,  which  have 
been  prepared  to  correspond  with  analyses  made  by  students  in 
the  ordinary  course  of  work;  the  students'  reports  being  exhib- 
ited with  the  substances. 

Theses  prepared  by  students  who  are  candidates  for  the  degree 
of  Bachelor  of  Science  in  Chemistry  serve  to  indicate  the  stu- 
dent's ability  in  partially  independent  work. 


70 

Tbe  work  in  the  special  lines  of  pharmacy  is  represented 
chiefly  by  preparations  made  by  students  in  this  department. 

The  exhibit  from  the  College  of  Literature  is  necessarily 
limited  in  space  by  the  character  of  the  work  done  by  it,  since 
the  instruction  does  not  as  readily  furnish  material  for  exhibition 
as  the  technical  and  scientific  colleges.  There  are  thirty-six 
volumes  of  examination  papers  from  all  the  classes  taught  during 
the  winter  term,  1893;  twenty. two  volumes  of  essays,  orations 
and  translations;  nine  volumes  of  graduating  theses.  Text  books 
are  shown  as  far  as  necessary  to  illustrate  methods  of  instruc- 
tion. There  is  a  collection  of  periodicals  from  the  library  for 
the  use  of  students;  also  of  the  periodical  literature  of  educa- 
tion. Maps  and  charts  illustrating  methods  of  instruction  are 
shown.  Large  pictures  of  library,  class-rooms,  halls  of  the  lit- 
erary societies,  athletic  hall,  military  department,  etc.,  as  well 
as  pictures  of  Greek  and  Roman  architecture,  cover  the  walls. 

The  exhibit  by  the  department  of  art  shows,  by  a  large  num- 
ber of  examples,  the  work  in  free-hand  drawing  done  by  students 
from  the  different  departments  of  the  University  and  also 
the  work  of  the  regular  students  of  art  and  design.  The  exhibit 
is  so  arranged  that  the  work  may  be  examined  in  the  order  in 
which  it  is  done. 


THE 

OF 
WWEH9TY  OF  ILUHOIS 


73 


ILLINOIS  STATE  NORMAL  UNIVERSITY. 

LOCATION — First  floor,  east  wing,  south  of  center  aisle,  and 
near  east  door. 

COMPOSITION — Four  upright  cases,  lettered  from  the  w  est,  A, 
B,  C,  and  D,  respectively,  and  the  back  of  the  cases  of  S.  I.  S. 
N.  U.  exhibit.  On  the  latter,  outlines  of  courses  of  study,  of 
school  work,  etc.,  are  displayed.  A  display  of  bound  maps  is 
near  these  outlines. 

CASE  A  is  given  up  to  a  display  of  photographic  views  of  the 
buildings,  exteriors  and  interiors,  and  of  classes,  together  with 
drawings,  freehand,  perspective  and  sketching,  and  color  work. 

CASE  B  contains  work  in  geography  and  the  training  school. 
The  latter  showing  grade  work. 

CASE  C  shows  work  in  drawing,  botany,  physics  and  chem- 
istry. 

CASE  D  is  devoted  to  an  exhibit  of  the  work  of  students  in 
zoology  and  physiology. 

There  are  five  show  cases,  numbered  1,  2,  3,  4,  and  5,  re- 
spectively. 

In  case  1  are  Christmas  souvenirs  made  by  pupils  in  the 
training  school. 

Case  2  contains  clay  modeling  by  primary  and  intermediate 
pupils. 

Case  3  is  filled  with  clay  modeling  in  fruit  forms  and  his- 
toric ornament  by  normal  students. 

Case  4  shows  forms  of  paper  work  by  normal  students. 

Case  5  contains  apparatus  used  by  teacher  and  pupils  in  the 
science  department  of  the  normal. 


H 

-1 
3 

J 

H  « 
•s  .4 

So 

M    . 

O   fH 


w 

a  n 

H  H 


77 


SOUTHERN  ILLINOIS  STATE  NORMAL  UNIVERSITY. 

An  Act  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State,  in  1869,  gave 
birth  to  this  institution.  On  the  6th  day  of  September,  1874, 
the  regular  work  of  the  school  commenced. 

The  object  of  the  school  is  to  do  a  part  of  the  work  of  edu- 
cation undertaken  by  the  State.  The  character  of  this  work  is 
shown  under  the  following  heads,  viz. :  A  normal  department, 
including  a  normal  course  of  study,  and  the  training  work;  a 
high  school  department,  and  a  preparatory  department,  in- 
cluding a  grammar  and  a  primary  school. 

The  normal  department  gives  thorough  instruction  in  the 
elementary  and  higher  portions  of  the  public-school  course  of 
study,  and  fits  students  by  knowledge  and  practice  for  the  duties 
of  the  teacher.  The  Training  work  comprises  (1)  mental 
science  and  pedagogy;  (2)  regular  attendance  upon  the  meetings 
of  the  practice  teachers  for  a  study  of  methods  of  instruction 
and  management  of  pupils  and  classes,  and  (3)  actual  teaching 
in  the  preparatory  schools  under  the  direction  of  the  training 
teachers. 

The  high  school  department  fits  students  for  college  or 
business. 

The  preparatory  department  is  designed  to  give  instruction 
in  the  common  branches  of  an  English  education,  and  to  sup- 
plement the  acquirements  of  young  persons  who  come  from  the 
public  schools  with  a  training  too  imperfect  to  admit  them  to 
the  normal  school.  The  course  covers  eight  years — four  years 
iu  the  primary,  and  four  years  in  the  grammar  school.  In 
these  two  schools  the  student  finds  an  example  of  what  schools 
below  the  high  school  should  be.  They  also  afford  to  those  pre- 
paring to  teach,  a  place  where  they  may  at  suitable  times  prac- 
tice the  calling  of  the  teacher  under  the  supervision  of  compe- 
tent training  teachers. 

The  tuition  in  the  normal  department  is  free;  in  the  high 
school  $21  per  year;  in  the  preparatory  (excepting  the  first  two 
grades  which  are  free),  $10  per  year. 


THE  EXHIBIT. 

The  exhibit  made  by  the  southern  Illinois  State  Normal 
University 'at  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  is  in  two  general 
parts,  viz. : — Preparatory  and  normal. 

In  the  preparatory  department  is  represented  the  work  of 
the  eight  grades  of  the  common  schools. 

This  part  of  the  exhibit  includes  work  in  the  branches  studied 
by  the  children  and  is  shown  in  bound  manuscript  volumes,  and 
on  charts  in  cases.  On  the  charts  and  in  the  bound  volumes  is 
shown  work  for  each  month  of  each  year  in  the  eight  years' 
course.  In  this  way  the  progress  of  the  children  is  shown  as  is 
also  the  success  of  the  practice  teachers  in  their  work  of  instruc- 
tion. 

In  this  department,  also,  are  shown  charts  in  reading,  lan- 
guage, and  number,  prepared  by  the  practice  teachers  Tinder  the 
direction  of  the  training  teachers. 

That  portion  of  the  exhibit  made  by  the  normal  department 
is  shown  in  manuscript  volumes,  and  in  drawings,  illustrations, 
and  outlines,  on  charts  in  cases.  The  manuscripts  discuss  prin- 
ciples and  methods  of  instruction,  and  show  progress  of  students 
by  means  of  monthly  or  term  examinations.  The  drawings, 
illustrations  and  outlines  show  methods  of  instruction  in  the 
several  studies. 

A  goodly  number  of  photographs  of  classes,  buildings,  rooms, 
apparatus  and  grounds  are  shown  in  the  exhibit;  also  a  few  of 
the  material  objects  used  in  the  preparatory  department. 

The  school  has  at  the  exhibit  for  free  distribution  to  those 
interested  in  normal  work,  a  hand-book  giving  much  valuable 
information  about  the  school  and  its  methods. 


m 


OF  THE 
OF 


81 


PUBLIC  FREE  SCHOOLS. 

In  February,  1855,  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  of 
Illinois  passed  "An  Act  to  establish  and  maintain  a  system  of 
free  schools." 

The  principles  upon  which  our  system  of  Public  Instruction 
is  based  are:  The  just  moral  and  intellectual  claim  of  every 
child  in  the  commonwealth  to  an  education  commensurate  with 
the  importance  and  dignity  of  his  obligations  and  duties  as  an 
upright,  intelligent  and  loyal  citizen;  the  corresponding  obli- 
gation of  the  State  to  make  adequate  provisions  for  such  an  edu- 
cation for  all;  the  inseparable  relation  of  universal  intelligence 
and  probity  to  the  strength  and  perpetuity  of  a  republican  gov- 
ernment. 

In  the  year  1855  the  population  of  the  State  was  1,306,576; 
pupils  enrolled,  173,531;  number  of  teachers,  5,684;  average 
monthly  salary  of  male  teachers,  $29.16;  of  female  teachers, 
$16.43. 

In  the  year  1870  the  population  was  2,539,801;  pupils  en- 
rolled, 652,715;  number  of  teachers,  28,081 ;  average  monthly 
salary  of  male  teachers,  $48.35;  of  female  teachers,  $36.66. 

In  the  year  1890  the  population  was  3,826,351;  pupils  en- 
rolled, 778,319;  number  of  teachers,  23,164;  average  monthly 
salary  of  male  teachers,  $54.63;  of  female  teachers,  $44.41. 

In  the  year  1892  the  population  was ;  pupils  en- 
rolled, 809,452;  number  of  teachers,  22,346;  average  monthly 
salary  of  male  teachers,  156.92;  of  female  teachers,  $46.06. 

The  public  free  schools  are,  for  convenience  in  describing  the 
scope  and  purpose  of  the  work  done,  classified  into  rural, 
graded  and  high  schools. 

The  rural  schools  are  those  established  in  country  districts, 
and  are  designed  to  furnish  elementary  and,  in  a  limited  degree, 
secondary  instruction. 


82 

The  graded  schools  of  cities  afford  elementary  instruction, 
and  tit  for  the  high  schools. 

The  high  schools  furnish  secondary  instruction,  and  prepare 
for  the  State  University  and  other  institutions  of  higher  learn- 
ing. 

This  classification  has  been  kept  in  view  in  the  exhibit  of 
school  work  and  appliances  made  under  direction  of  The  Illinois 
Board  of  World's  Fair  Commissioners. 

The  exhibit  is  installed  in  the  northeast  part  of  the  Illinois 
Building  upon  the  main  floor.  The  six  cases  on  the  east  side  of 
the  common  school  section  contain  the  work  from  rural  schools 
in  the  order  of  grades  or  years  from  the  first,  in  front,  to  the 
eighth  at  the  back.  Thirty-one  counties  are  represented. 

The  middle  cases  contain  the  work  from  the  graded  schools 
of  cities  arranged  in  a  similar  manner.  Eighty  cities  are  rep- 
resented, exclusive  of  Chicago. 

The  cases  on  the  west  side  of  the  common- school  section 
contain  the  work  from  the  forty-eight  high  schools  represented. 

The  quantity  of  work  received  is  so  great  that  but  one  sixth 
can  be  installed  at  once.  Consequently,  work  from  any  particu- 
lar locality  may  not  be  found  especially  installed,  but  all  is  cata- 
logued and  carefully  arranged  so  that  it  can  be  at  once  exhibited 
by  attendants,  if  requested. 

The  design  is  to  represent  the  public  free  school  work  of  the 
State  fully  in  all  phases,  and  at  the  same  time  to  preserve  the 
continuity  and  plan  of  work  in  each  system  of  schools. 

Each  grade  should  be  studied  by  passing  along  the  aisles 
parallel  to  the  cases,  each  system  of  schools,  along  the  aisles  at 
right  angles  to  the  cases. 


CITY  OF  CHICAGO. 

On  account  of  the  different  conditions  under  which  the  work 
is  done  and  the  amount  of  it,  the  exhibit  from  the  city  of  Chicago 
is  installed  separately  from  the  work  from  the  rest  of  the  State. 

It  consists  of  work  from  the  kindergartens,  primary  and 
grammar  grades,  high,  manual  training  and  evening  schools. 


83 

The  work  embraces  about  4,000  mounts  upon  cards  22x28 
inches  on  wing  frames,  in  cases,  and  200  wall  mounts  under  glass 
in  frames. 

There  are  125  bound  volumes  representing  the  work  of  whole 
classes  of  pupils,  and  selected  work,  indicating  the  methods 
used  in  presenting  different  subjects  and  topics  in  the  various 
branches. 

The  work  is  installed  on  the  north  and  west  aisles,  commencing 
with  the  kindergartens  at  the  northeast,  and  progressing  to  the 
high  and  manual  trainiDg  schools  on  the  southwest. 


THE 

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UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLIM1S 


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87 


THE  MODEL  SCHOOL-ROOM. 

The  Illinois  State  Teachers'  Association  proposed  to  the 
World's  Fair  Commissioners  that  a  suitable  school  building  be 
erected  in  Jackson  Park,  a  building  sufficiently  commodious  and 
equipped  in  the  most  approved  style  to  show  the  educational 
and  hygienic  advantages  which,  under  the  laws  of  the  State,  may 
be  offered  to  its  youth.  This  building  was  to  contain  the  eight 
grades  of  the  primary  as  well  as  the  four  grades  of  the  high- 
school  course,  and  should  besides  contain  a  room  to  portray  the 
ungraded  rural  school.  This  request  of  the  teachers  of  the 
State  was  refused,  because  the  National  Commission  would  not 
tolerate  the  erection  of  buildings  below  a  certain  size,  and  be- 
cause of  the  large  expense  of  such  structure. 

When  the  Legislature  of  1891  made  appropriations  for  the 
Illinois  exhibit,  it  ordered,  among  other  provisions  for  showing 
the  educational  work  of  the  State,  the  establishment  of  a  "model 
common  school-room  of  high  grade,  fully  equipped  and  fur- 
nished under  the  direction  of  the  State  Superintendent  of  Pub- 
lic Instruction."  As  soon  as  the  plans  for  the  Illinois  building 
were  adopted,  the  northeast  room  on  the  first  floor  of  the  build- 
ing was  set  apart  for  this  purpose.  The  room  being  consider- 
ably larger  than  necessary,  it  was  thought  best  to  partition  off 
enough  space  so  as  not  to  make  it  too  large  for  actual  school- 
room purposes;  this,  however  could  not  entirely  be  effected  and 
so  the  room  is  about  four  feet  longer  and  wider  than  it  need  be. 

The  principle  in  furnishing  the  room,  however,  was  not  so 
much  to  make  it  a  model  in  size,  nor  could  the  contrivances  for 
heating  and  ventilating  be  shown,  since  the  Exposition  was  to 
be  open  only  during  the  good  season  of  the  year;  hence  we  had 
to  be  satisfied  to  show  to  the  educational  public  as  well  as  to 
school  officers  all  that  is  needed  for  the  well-being  and  instruc- 
tion of  our  youth.  The  exhibit  in  the  model  school-room  con- 


88 


sists  of  blackboards,  both  slate  and  wood  pulp,  desks  for  pupils 
and  teacher,  recitation  seats,  a  piano  (stout  and  exceptionally 
strong  for  school  use),  a  complete  set  of  geographical  maps  and 
of  historical  charts,  a  terrestrial  and  a  slated  globe,  a  cyclopedia, 
an  unabridged  dictionary,  a  geographical  gazetteer,  a  library  of 
supplementary  reading,  physical  and  physiological  apparatus, 
specimens  of  stuffed  animals  and  a  mineralogical  cabinet. 


TKE  LIB1URY 
OF  THE 

OF  !LL!»!9!S 


91 


CARE  OF  UNFORTUNATES. 

A  most  noticeable  and  commendable  characteristic  of  a  peo  - 
pie  is  their  disposition  for  the  relief  and  comfort  of  their  pau- 
pers, lunatics  and  other  unfortunates.  While  the  intentions  of 
the  people  of  the  new  State  were  good,  it  was  some  years  before 
valuable  legislation  on  this  subject  was  enacted,  and  it  was  not 
until  1839  that  advancement  in  regard  to  charitable  institutions 
was  begun  by  the  State  government. 

On  February  23,  1839,  Gov.  Thomas  Carlin  approved  a  bill 
passed  by  the  general  assembly  of  that  year,  establishing  the 
"Illinois  Asylum  for  the  Education  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,"  at 
Jacksonville,  and  three  years  later  steps  were  taken  for  the  pur- 
chase of  land  and  the  erection  of  what  is  now  the  south  wing  of 
the  institution,  at  a  cost  of  $25,000.  School  opened  January 
26,  1846,  in  the  building,  which  was  incomplete,  by  Mr.  Thomas 
Officer,  with  four  pupils,  and  the  term  closed  with  nine.  An  act 
of  Congress  had  afforded  the  people  of  the  State  assistance  for 
schools  by  allowing  the  sale  of  the  sixteenth  section  in  every 
Congressional  district.  In  1837  this  fund  amounted  to  $829,815, 
which  the  State  borrowed  at  6  per  cent,  per  annum  and  the  Deaf 
and  Dumb  got  one  twenty- fourth  part  of  the  interest  up  to  1873, 
which  aided  the  enterprise  very  materially.  After  that  time,  the 
whole  of  the  interest  was  made  payable  to  the  State  Normal 
University,  but  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  had  received  $80,000.  In 
1847  the  legislature  gave  the  institution  $3,000  which  was  the 
first  appropriation  ever  made  from  the  State  Treasury  for  the 
benefit  of  any  State  charity.  Since  that  time  its  growth  has 
been  steady  and  rapid,  and  it  now  stands  as  the  largest  institu- 
tion of  the  kind  in  the  world. 


THE   INSANE. 


The  memorial  to  the  General  Assembly  of  1846,  by  Miss 
Dorothea  Lynde  Dix,  resulted  in  the  establishment  of  the  "Illi- 
nois State  Hospital  for  the  Insane,"  at  Jacksonville.  Funds  for 
starting  the  institution  were  not  furnished  by  direct  appropria- 


92 

tion.  A  special  tax  of  one-fifth  of  a  mill  on  the  dollar  was  levied, 
to  be  continued  for  three  years,  and  was  increased  in  1851  to 
one-third  of  a  mill,  which  ran  until  1855,  when  it  ceased  under 
the  general  appropriation  act,  having  brought  over  $200,000 
into  the  hospital  treasury.  Meantime  expenses  in  the  several 
counties  for  support  of  pauper  insane  had  greatly  increased  and 
had  to  be  paid,  and  the  law  was  changed  so  that  not  to  exceed 
$150  annually  would  be  allowed  for  the  support  of  each  inmate 
after  completion  of  the  buildings. 

The  erection  of  the  center  building  and  two  wings  at  Jack- 
sonville in  1847,  had  consumed  five  years  and  $80,000,  being 
completed  under  nearly  fifty  different  and  independent  contracts. 
Dr.  J.  M.  Higgins,  of  Griggsville,  was  the  first  superintendent, 
and  the  first  patient  was  a  married  woman  from  McLean  County, 
admitted  in  1851. 


THE  BLIND. 

The  "Institution  for  the  Education  of  the  Blind"  was  the 
third  incorporated,  which  was  done  in  1849.  The  State  author- 
ized a  special  tax  of  one-tenth  of  a  mill  for  its  benefit  and  this 
continued  until  1855,  and  in  the  first  two  years  realized  the  sum 
of  $90,000  for  the  new  enterprise.  The  legislature  then  appro- 
priated $3,000  to  enable  the  trustees  to  begin  the  work  of  build- 
ing, and  a  school  was  opened  in  April,  1849,  by  Mr.  Samuel 
Bacon,  a  blind  man  from  Ohio,  who  originated  the  idea  of  a 
State  institution  for  the  blind  in  Illinois. 

Having  thus  told  of  the  inception  and  infancy  of  the  plans 
for  the  care  of  the  three  principal  classes  of  unfortunates,  by 
State  aid,  the  development  of  the  several  institutions,  which 
has  placed  Illinois  prominently  before  the  world  in  the  matter  of 
public  charities,  may  be  briefly  shown.  The  act  to  provide  for 
the  appointment  of  a  Board  of  Commissioners  of  public  charities 
was  recommended  by  Gov.  B.  J.  Oglesby,  passed  by  the  general 
assembly  of  1869,  and  approved  April  9  of  that  year  by  Gov.  J. 
M.  Palmer.  The  Rev.  F.  H.  Wines  was  secretary  of  the  com- 
mission from  its  organization  until  July  1,  1883,  and  to  him 
much  credit  is  due  for  the  wonderful  success  of  the  board. 


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THE  LIBRARY 

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UNIVERSITY  OF  ILL1NOIS 


97 

NORTHERN  HOSPITAL   FOR  THE  INSANE  AT  ELGIN. 

The  act  establishing  this  institution  was  passed  by  the  legis- 
lature of  1869;  the  original  building,  which  is  of  brick  and  stone, 
was  completed  in  1872,  and  the  present  value  of  the  land  and 
buildings  is  1673,830.  The  inmates  March  31,  1893,  numbered 
males,  557,  females,  525,  total,  1,082.  Average  number  for 
lant  four  years,  637.  Net  cost  per  capita  for  the  year  ending 
June  30,  1892,  $148.62.  Net  cost  per  capital  per  annum  average 
for  last  four  years,  $161.88. 


THE  EASTERN  HOSPITAL  FOR  THE  INSANE  AT 
KANKAKEE. 

The  act  creating  this  institution  was  passed  in  1877,  but  no 
appropriation  was  made  for  building  until  1880.  This  work 
was  completed  in  about  three  years  and  subsequent  additions 
have  followed  until  the  lands  and  buildings  are  now  valued  at 
$1,393,665  and  the  institution  is  the  largest  of  the  kind  in  the 
world.  The  inmates  March  31,  1893,  numbered  males,  1,092, 
females,  921,  total,  2013.  Average  number  for  the  last  four 
years,  1680.  The  net  cost  per  capita  for  the  year  ending  June 
30,  1892  was  $148.26;  the  net  cost  per  capita  per  annum  for 
four  years,  $145.05. 


CENTRAL  HOSPITAL  FOR  INSANE,  JACKSONVILLE. 

The  act  establishing  this  hospital  was  signed  in  1846,  and 
the  original  building,  which  is  of  brick,  was  completed  in  1857. 
The  lands  and  buildings  are  now  valued  at  $968,626.  The  num- 
ber of  inmates  March  31,  1893,  was:  Males,  624;  females,  585; 
total,  1209;  average  number  for  last  four  years,  951;  net  cost  of 
maintaining  each  inmate  last  year,  $153,42;  average  net  cost 
per  capita  per  annum  for  the  last  four  years,  $150.86. 


98 
SOUTHERN  HOSPITAL  FOR  THE  INSANE,  AT  ANNA. 

An  act  creating  this  institution  was  passed  in  1869,  and  bids 
for  buildings  were  opened  April  16,  1870,  but  ten  years  elapsed 
before  the  completion  of  the  original  buildings.  The  land  and 
buildings  are  now  valued  $787,645.  On  March  31,  1893,  the 
inmates  numbered:  Males,  511;  females,  367;  total,  878.  The 
average  number  for  the  last  four  years  was  668;  the  net  cost  for 
maintaining  them  per  capita  for  the  last  year  was  $151.65,  and 
average  net  cost  per  capita  per  annum  for  the  last  four  years, 
$155.48. 


THE  DEAF  AND  DUMB,  JACKSONVILLE. 

On  February  23,  1839,  the  act  for  the  estaWishing  of  the 
Institution  for  the  Education  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  was 
approved,  and  the  original  building,  which  was  of  brick,  was 
finally  completed  in  1857.  The  buildings  are  now  very  exten- 
sive, much  more  so,  comparatively,  than  the  small  amount  of 
land  necessary.  The  plant  is  valued  at  $420,000.  The  inmates 
March  31,  1893,  were:  Males,  290;  females,  212;  total,  502; 
average  number  for  last  four  years,  368. 


INSTITUTION  FOR  THE  EDUCATION  OF  THE  BLIND,  JACK- 
SONVILLE. 

The  act  for  the  incorporation  of  this  institution  was  passed  in 
1839,  and  the  main  building  completed  in  1854.  This  was 
burned  in  1869  and  immediately  rebuilt  of  brick.  The  plant  is 
a  handsome  one  and  is  valued  at  $213,874.  The  pupils,  on 
March  31,  1893,  numbered:  Males,  125;  females,  85;  total, 
210.  For  the  last  four  years  the  average  attendance  was  133. 
The  net  cost  per  capita  the  last  year  was  $255.36;  the  net  cost 
per  capita  per  annum  for  the  last  four  years,  $282.93. 


THE  LHP' MM 

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UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


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THE  U^fiY 

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113 
THE  INSTITUTION  FOR  THE  FEEBLE  MINDED. 

Provision  for  this  class  of  sufferers  grew  out  of  the  efforts 
of  Dr.  P.  G.  Gillett  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  and  Dr.  Andrew 
McFarland,  of  the  Insane,  who  contended  that  idiots  required 
a  different  and  separate  treatment.  In  1865  the  General  Assem- 
bly appropriated  $5,000,  and  a  school  was  opened  in  the  resi- 
dence of  the  late  Gov.  Duncan,  at  Jacksonville,  and  was  superin- 
tended by  Dr.  Gillett  four  months  free  of  charge,  when  it  was 
placed  under  control  of  Dr.  C.  T.  Wilbur.  In  1871  a  bill 
passed  the  legislature  creating  the  institution,  but  no  appropria- 
tion was  made  until  1875,  when  Lincoln  was  selected  as  a  site 
and  a  building  was  completed  in  1877.  The  lands  and  buildings 
are  now  valued  at  $255, 530.  Last  year  there  were  556  pupils  : 
302  males  and  254  females.  The  average  attendance  for  the 
four  years  ending  June  30,  1892,  was  423.  The  net  cost  per 
capita  the  last  year  was  $166.46,  and  the  average  net  cost  for 
the  four  years  per  capita  per  annum  was  1163.24. 


SOLDIERS'  AND  SAILORS'  HOME,  QUINCY. 

The  act  creating  the  Soldiers'  Home  was  approved  in  1885, 
and  the  buildings,  which  were  made  of  brick  and  stone,  and  on 
the  cottage  or  detached  ward  system,  were  completed  in  1888. 
The  land  and  buildings  are  valued  at  $306,890.  On  March  31, 
1893,  there  were  903  inmates.  The  average  number  for  the 
last  four  years  up  to  June  30,  1892,  was  792,  and  the  average 
net  cost  per  capita  per  annum  for  the  four  years  was  $161.53, 
and  for  the  last  year,  $157.80. 


THE  SOLDIERS'  AND  SAILORS'  ORPHANS'  HOME,  AT  NOR- 

MAL. 

In  1865  the  home  for  the  orphans  of  soldiers  was  incorpor- 
ated but  no  appropriation  was  made.      The  nine  trustees  were  to 


114 

receive  subscriptions  until  the  sum  of  $50,000  was  secured. 
But  in  1867  the  Legislature  changed  the  law,  appropriated  $50,- 
400  and  the  home  was  built  at  Normal  and  occupied  January  1, 
1869.  The  land  and  buildings  are  now  valued  at  $212,550.  On 
March  31,  1893,  the  children  numbered:  Males,  235;  females, 
174;  total,  409.  For  the  four  years  ending  June  30,  1892,  the 
average  number  was  363,  who  were  supported  at  a  net  cost  of 
$146.04  per  capita  per  annum,  for  that  time,  and  for  the  last 
year  $134.94  per  capita. 


EYE  AND  EAR  INFIRMARY,  CHICAGO. 

This  institution  was  started  in  a  small  way,  many  years  ago, 
and  was  supported  by  private  charity  until  admitted  to  control 
of  the  State  Board  of  Public  Charities,  in  1871,  when  the  Legis- 
lature made  an  appropriation  for  a  brick  building  which  was 
completed  in  1874.  The  property  is  now  valued  at  $100,120. 
The  patients,  March  31,  1893,  were  107 — males  73  and  females 
34.  For  four  years  ending  June  30,  1892,  the  average  number 
was  134,  and  the  net  cost  per  capita  per  annum  $189.67;  net 
cost  for  the  last  year  $189.67. 


THE  STATE  REFORMATORY. 

The  present  system  of  Reform  School  in  Illinois  is  the  result 
of  a  move  made  in  1866  by  the  State  Teachers'  Association. 
One  had  been  started  in  Chicago  by  the  Rev.  D.  B.  Nichols,  in 
1855,  which  ran  fifteen  years  and  closed.  The  Legislature  of 
1867  passed  an  act,  approved  March  5,  providing  for  a  Reform 
School,  but  no  trustees  were  appointed  until  1869,  and  the 
school  was  not  opened  until  1871.  Since  then  appropriations 
have  been  made  and  the  State  Reformatory,  at  Pontiac,  for  the 
year  ending  June  30,  1892,  had  324  pupils  and  for  four  years 
prior  to  that  date  averaged  346.  The  net  cost  per  capita  per 
annum  was  an  average  of  $155.25,  and  for  the  last  year  of  that 
time,  $145.89. 


OF  THE 
MIEBSIIY  OF 


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125 


HEADQUARTERS  FOR  THE  SOLDIERS   AND   SAILORS   OF 

ILLINOIS. 

Illinois  is  justly  proud  of  the  part  taken  by  the  citizens  of 
the  State  in  the  wars  of  the  Union  since  her  admission  as  a  State 
in  1818. 

In  the  War  of  the  Rebellion  her  enlistment  roll  reached  the 
number  of  258,217  men — placing  her  fourth  in  the  list  of  States 
and  including  the  "General"  of  the  Union  Army,  who  closed  the 
war  by  receiving  the  surrender  of  the  military  forces  in 
rebellion. 

It  was  eminently  fitting,  therefore,  that  the  State  of  Illinois 
should  provide  suitable  headquarters  for  her  patriot  sons  who 
have  seen  service,  and  welcome  them  at  the  Columbian  Expo- 
sition. 

In  the  west  end  of  the  State  Building  a  room  has  been 
fitted  up  handsomely  for  their  accommodation.  Registers  are 
opened,  and  at  the  close  will  be  placed  in  the  archives  of  the 
State  at  the  Capitol.  The  quarters  are  in  charge  of  a  member 
of  the  commission  in  constant  attendance,  whose  duty  and  pleas- 
ure as  a  "comrade"  are  to  serve  the  soldiers  and  sailors  of 
Illinois  and  of  all  other  States  who  may  honor  the  commission 
by  calling,  and  extend  to  them,  one  and  all,  on  behalf  of  the- 
State,  a  hearty  welcome. 

JOHN  VIRGIN. 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


129 


MEMORIAL  HALL. 

Section  4  of  the  law  providing  for  the  participation  of  the 
State  of  Illinois  in  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  at  Chi- 
cago, is  as  follows: 

"Consent  of  the  General  Assembly  is  hereby  given  that 
there  may  be  placed  on  exhibition  as  part  of  such  collective  ex- 
hibit, in  a  suitable  fire-proof  structure,  to  be  erected  for  the  pur- 
pose, such  relics  and  trophies  belonging  to  and  in  the  custody  of 
the  State,  as  the  Governor  may  designate;  the  same  to  be  and 
remain  at  all  times  during  their  removal,  while  on  exhibition 
and  during  their  return  to  their  present  depository,  in  the  sole 
care  and  charge  of  their  official  custodian." 

In  pursuance  thereof,  the  Illinois  Board  of  World's  Fair 
Commissioners  erected  Memorial  Hall,  annexed  to  the  Illinois 
State  Building,  and  the  Governor  authorized  the  Adjutant- Gen- 
eral to  deposit  all  of  the  Illinois  battle  flags  and  other  relics  be- 
longing to  the  State,  in  said  Hall.  The  flags  are  appropriately 
arranged  in  large  glass  cases,  and  are  at  all  times  in  the  care  of 
efficient  custodians. 

A  roster  of  the  256,297  Illinois  soldiers  in  the  war  of  the 
Rebellion,  is  open  to  the  inspection  of  all,  and  thousands  of  old 
soldiers,  their  children  and  friends,  avail  themselves  of  this 
opportunity  of  looking  over  these  important  records. 

Memorial  Hall  has  been  during  the  Columbian  Exposition  a 
place  of  much  attraction  and  interest.  It  has  been  visited  by  a 
large  number  of  the  veterans  of  the  late  war  who  followed  those 
flags,  as  well  as  by  citizens  of  all  the  States  and  Territories. 

The  world  has  seen  in  these  flags  an  object  lesson  of  patriot* 
ism,  and  a  demonstration  that  the  people  of  the  State  of  Illi- 
nois hold  in  grateful  remembrance  the  deeds  of  valor  typified  in 
these  silent  but  impressive  monitors. 


m 


OF 


OF 


133 


PENITENTIARIES. 

By  an  act  approved  February  15,  1827,  the  Illinois  State 
Penitentiary  was  located  at  Alton.  One  half  the  proceeds  of  the 
sale  of  30,000  acres  of  saline  lands  and  $10,000  appropriated  by 
the  Legislature  were  given  for  the  site  and  the  erection  of  build- 
ings. The  institution  was  built  of  stone,  and  was  first  occupied 
in  1831,  On  the  19th  of  February,  1857,  an  act  was  passed 
removing  the  State  Penitentiary  from  Alton  to  Joliet.  Tempo- 
rary cells  were  built  as  soon  as  possible,  and  200  convicts  were 
taken  from  Alton  to  Joliet  in  1858.  The  work  of  putting  up 
the  stone  wall  and  also  the  buildings  was  done,  principally  by 
the  labor  of  these  convicts.  The  Joliet  act  appropriated  $75,  - 
000  and  also  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  the  Alton  plant.  This, 
however,  was  but  a  beginning,  as  over  $1,000,000  have  been 
spent  on  buildings  alone,  and  the  present  value  of  lands  and 
buildings  is  in  the  inventory  as  $1,500,000.  The  Alton  property 
was  sold  for  $60,000,  and  in  1860  the  last  of  the  convicts  were 
removed  to  Joliet.  The  Government  later  on  leased  the  old 
property  at  Alton,  and  during  the  War  of  the  Rebellion  it  was 
used  as  a  military  prison.  The  real  estate  of  the  penitentiary 
at  Joliet  is  valued  at  $1,500,000;  the  average  number  of  convicts 
for  the  last  year  was  1,445;  average  number  for  the  last  four 
years,  1,391.  Cost  of  maintaining  each  convict  for  the  last  year, 
$150.60;  average  cost  per  annum  of  each  convict  for  last  four 
years,  $152.19. 

SOUTHERN    ILLINOIS    PENITENTIARY. 

The  location  and  construction  of  this  institution  in  southern 
Illinois  was  authorized  by  an  act  approved  February  28,  1867, 
and  the  first  appropriation  was  $150,000.  Nothing  was  done 
under  this  act,  but  one  which  was  approved  May  24,  1877, 
located  it  at  Chester,  and  $200, 000  was  appropriated  for  a  site 
and  buildings.  In  1879  a  further  sum  of  $150,000,  to  comple. 


the  penitentiary,  and  subsequent  sums,  have  brought  the  amount 
up  to  fully  $500,000  for  buildings,  making  a  total  value  of  lands 
.and  buildings  of  $821,095.  Average  number  of  convicts  for  the 
last  year,  642;  average  number  for  the  last  four  years,  663. 
Average  cost  of  subsistence  of  each  convict  for  the  last  year, 
$212.62;  average  cost  per  capita  per  annum  for  the  last  four 
years,  $201.33. 

INSANE    CRIMINALS. 

Provision  was  made  for  this  class  by  an  act  approved  June  1 
1889,  and  the  asylum  located  upon  the  grounds  of  the  southern 
penitentiary  at  Chester.  Forty-five  thousand  dollars  was  appro- 
priated for  buildings  and  $50,000  for  furniture  and  fixtures. 
Patients  are  received  from  the  penitentiaries,  the  insane  hospi- 
tals and  from  the  courts,  where  they  are  acquitted  on  the  ground 
of  insanity.  The  asylum  was  opened  November  1,  1891,  and 
received  three  patients  at  that  time.  The  number  on  hand  June 
30,  1892,  was  113.  On  account  of  the  small  number  during  the 
first  part  of  the  time,  the  expense  per  capita  cannot  be  fairly  es- 
timated. The  value  of  lands  and  buildings  is  placed  at  $46,200. 


THE  UHMl 

OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLlNOiS 


THE  UB8MN 
OF  THE 

IWWERSITY  OF 


141 


SEATS    OF    GOVERNMENT. 

The  Constitution  of  1818  located  the  capital  at  Kaskaskia,  to 
remain  until  the  Legislature  should  otherwise  provide.  One  ses- 
sion was  held  there  in  a  rented  house  and  passed  an  act  which 
was  approved  March  30,  1819,  providing  for  permanent  location. 
Vandalia  was  agreed  upon  and  the  seat  of  Government  there 
placed  for  a  term  of  twenty  years  from  December  20,  1820. 
The  first  State  house  was  a  wooden  structure  and  cost  $3,000. 
This  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1823  and  another,  made  of  brick, 
was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $12,000.  By  an  act  approved  February 
25,  1837,  the  capital  was  re-located  and  Springfield  was  selected. 
The  act  required  a  bonus  of  $50,000  and  a  site  of  not  less 
than  ten  acres  of  land.  The  place  agreed  upon  by  the  Commis- 
sioners exceeded  this  amount  so  that  the  final  cost  was  $250,000, 
and  the  building,  though  incomplete,  was  occupied  in  1840. 
This  building  was  made  of  an  excellent  quality  of  stone  quarried 
in  Sangamon  County.  The  present  State  House  was  begun  in 
1868  and  finally  completed  in  1886,  at  a  cost  of  $4,060,000, 
though  the  State  offices  were  moved  into  it  in  1876  and  the  Leg- 
islature of  1877  was  there  held.  The  State  capital  building  is 
399  feet  from  north  to  south  and  286  feet  from  east  to  west. 
The  dome  366  feet  high;  there  are  168  rooms  in  the  building, 
two  passenger  and  freight  elevators,  and  there  are  361  steps 
from  the  fourth  floor  to  the  top  of  the  dome. 


THE 

OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


THE 


OF 


OF  ILUH01S 


151 


THE    ILLINOIS    WOMAN'S    EXPOSITION    BOARD 

AT  THE  WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 


President,  MRS.  MARCIA  LOUISE  GOULD,  MOLINE. 

Vice-President,  -    MRS.   ROBERT  H.  WILES,   FREEPORT. 

Secretary,  Miss  MARY  CALLAHAN,  ROBINSON. 

BOARD  OF  DIRECTORS: 

MRS.  RICHARD  J.  OGLESBY,  Moline. 

MRS.  FRANCES  L.  GILBERT,  Chicago. 

MRS.  FRANCINE  E.  PATTON,  Springfield. 

MRS.  ISABELLA  LANING  CANDEE,  Cairo. 

MRS.  FRANCES  WELLES  SHEPARD,  Chicago. 


The  Illinois  Woman's  Exposition  Board  was  organized  by 
act  of  the  Legislature  "to  represent  the  industries  of  the  women 
of  Illinois  at  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition."  To  enable  it 
to  successfully  execute  the  duty  thus  assigned  to  it,  $80,000,  or 
one-tenth  of  the  total  State  appropriation,  was  placed  at  its  dis- 
posal in  the  State  Treasury.  The  appointment  for  the  first  time 
of  a  State  Board  composed  entirely  of  women  and  the  conferring 
upon  it  of  such  large  financial  responsibilities,  limited  in  no  way 
except  by  its  own  sense  of  expediency  and  right,  marks  a  most 
significant  advance  in  the  public  recognition  of  woman's  business 
ability  and  capacity  for  affairs.  In  view  of  this  fact  the  Board 
believes  that  it  may  without  undue  pride  call  the  attention  of 
the  people  whom  it  (jointly  with  the  Illinois  Board  of  World's 
Fair  Commissioners)  represents,  not  only  to  its  work  as  installed 


152 

at  the  Columbian  Exposition,  but  also  to  its  history  during  the 
past  two  years  of  its  official  existence.  The  history  of  the  Board 
is  the  history  of  its  accomplished  work  alone.  The  public  press 
of  the  State  and  especially  of  the  city  of  Chicago,  which  has  given 
the  board  most  generous  and  appreciative  notice  and  has  re- 
ported the  plans  of  the  board  for  representing  the  industries 
and  interests  of  Illinois  women  and  the  realization  of  such  plans 
in  the  installation  of  exhibits.  As  the  result  of  this  installation, 
there  are  in  active  daily  operation  at  Jackson  Park  a  hospital,  a 
pharmacy,  a  kitchen  and  a  kindergarten,  conducted  entirely  by 
women,  and  also  an  exhibit  of  material  objects  representing  as 
fully  as  possible  the  results  of  woman's  industry  in  the  home, 
the  factory,  the  studio  and  the  professions. 

In  the  Illinois  Woman's  Hospital,  situated  southwest  of  the 
Children's  Building,  men,  women  and  children  receive,  free  of 
charge,  the  services  of  women  surgeons,  physicians  and  trained 
nurses  of  one  of  three  schools  of  medicine,  allopathic,  homoeo- 
pathic or  eclectic. 

In  the  pharmacy  State  registered  women  pharmacists  com- 
pound and  dispense  drugs  and  till  prescriptions. 

In  the  kitchen  which  is  the  contribution  of  Illinois  women  to 
the  Woman's  Building,  practical  demonstration  lessons  are  given 
each  morning  upon  the  proper  cooking  of  maize  or  Indian  corn, 
one  of  the  staple  products  of  Illinois,  and  yet  one  whose  nutri- 
tive value  and  palatable  preparation  are  little  understood  either 
at  home  or  abroad.  In  the  afternoon,  cooking  lessons  not  restricted 
to  Indian  corn  are  given  to  a  class  of  girls,  illustrating  how  cook- 
ing may  be  taught  in  industrial  or  trade  schools.  Because  of 
lack  of  sufficient  space  this  hospital,  pharmacy  and  kitchen  are 
located  outside  of  the  Illinois  Building,  but  the  kindergarten  and 
all  other  exhibits  hereinafter  described  are  found  in  the  Illinois 
Building. 

During  the  first  three  months  of  the  Exposition,  the  kinder- 
garten was  conducted  by  the  Froebel  Kindergarten  Association 
of  Chicago.  During  the  months  of  August,  September  and 
October,  it  is  conducted  by  the  Free  Kindergarten  Association 
of  the  same  city.  The  sessions  are  held  every  morning  except 
Saturday  from  9  until  12  o'clock,  and  visitors  are  cordially 


153 

invited,  in  order  that  the  personal  knowledge  of  their  philan- 
thropic and  most  valuable  educational  system  may  spread  to 
every  village  in  the  State.  The  kindergarten  room  itself  is  a 
model  of  beauty  and  convenience,  and,  with  the  grand  outlook 
from  the  windows  and  the  happy  childhood  within,  is  a  sight 
never  to  be  forgotten. 

In  attempting  to  gather  together  the  material  results  of 
woman's  handicraft,  the  Board  has  earnestly  striven  to  repre- 
sent all  classes  of  industry,  and  so  far  as  possible,  every  locality 
in  the  State.  Merit  alone  has  been  the  test,  and  all  objects 
placed  upon  exhibition  have  successfully  passed  the  judgment 
of  juries  of  experts. 

As  a  matter  of  practical  expediency  in  collecting  and  planning 
for  exhibits,  the  different  members  of  the  Board  were  assigned 
to  the  chairmanship  of  the  following  committee: 

Literature,  including  books,  newspapers  and  magazines. 

Educational,  philanthropic  and  professional  work. 

Historical  and  scientific  exhibit. 

Fine  arts,  including  sculpture,  painting  in  oil  and  water 
colors,  chalk,  charcoal,  pastel  and  other  drawings. 

Decorative  art,  including  ceramics,  leather  work,  pyrography, 
wood  carving  and  plain  and  ornamental  needlework. 

Practical  arts,  including  photographs,  book  illustrations, 
designs,  inventions  and  manufactures. 

Domestic  science,  including  kitchen  and  pantry  stores. 

All  these  different  lines  of  activity  are  represented  in  the  ex- 
hibit, although  in  many  cases  only  a  few  examples  of  the  best 
work  of  each  kind  could  be  shown  because  of  the  limited  space, 
42x150  feet,  at  the  disposal  of  the  board.  For  the  same  reason 
the  showing  of  many  industries  on  a  more  elaborate  scale  and 
with  fuller  detail  was  prohibited. 

In  literature,  five  hundred  books  written  by  women,  residents 
in  Illinois,  thirteen  magazines  and  twenty- seven  newspapers 
edited  by  them  were  gathered  together,  »nd  housed  in  a  library, 
designed  and  decorated  in  the  early  renaissance  style  by  Illinois 
women.  Of  the  authors  thus  represented,  one  is  a  member  of 
the  Philosophical  Society  of  London  and  of  the  International 
Congress  of  Orientalists  and  another  of  the  National  American 


154 

Geographical  Society,  and  among  them  is  the  editor  and  proprie- 
tor of  the  official  court  journal  of  the  State  of  Illinois,  "The  Chi- 
cago Legal  News. " 

The  educational,  philanthropic  and  professional  work  was 
necessarily  shown  in  great  part  by  means  of  statistics.  These 
statistics  are  displayed  in  a  large,  hand  engrossed,  bound  book 
made  entirely  by  women,  and  are  also  printed  in  pamphlet  form 
for  distribution.  It  is  not  claimed  that  these  statistics  by  any 
means  cover  the  ground,  as  a  complete  work  of  the  kind  would 
have  required  the  labor  of  many  individuals  for  many  months, 
but  it  is  believed  that  they  are  a  valuable  addition  to  present 
knowledge  and  are  full  of  significant  hints  to  the  student  of  his- 
tory and  of  political  economy. 

Students  of  history  will  also  find  much  that  is  interesting  in 
the  relics  exhibited  pertaining  to  the  early  history  of  Illinois, 
and  to  the  lives  of  its  great  heroes  in  later  days,  Lincoln  and 
Grant.  We  have  the  portraits  of  the  first  governor  of  Illinois, 
Shadrach  Bond,  and  of  his  wife,  and  many  articles  of  furniture 
and  household  adornment  from  Old  Kaskaskia,  the  first  capitol 
city  of  Illinois  and,  most  memorable  of  all,  the  first  church  bell 
rung  west  of  the  Alleghenies,  a  bell  presented  by  the  king  of 
France  to  the  Mission  of  Kaskaskia  in  1742.  There  are  por- 
traits of  Grant  and  Lincoln  and  a  large  number  of  personal  rel- 
ics. In  the  historical  exhibit  are  also  many  unique  articles  illus- 
trating the  handicraft  of  the  pioneer  women  of  Illinois.  Space 
forbids  their  enumeration  here,  and  also  that  of  hundreds  of  spe- 
cial articles  exhibited  in  other  departments  and  the  interested 
reader  is  for  anything  like  a  full  account  referred  to  (Le  official 
catalogue  of  the  Illinois  Woman's  Exposition  Board. 

In  science,  an  active  exhibit  in  bacteriological  laboratory 
work  is  made  by  an  instructor  in  one  of  our  leading  universities. 
In  entomology,  scientific  drawings  are  shown  which  challenge 
comparison  with  the  best  work  of  the  kind.  Taxidermy,  botany 
(including  marine  algae),  and  geology  are  also  represented. 

In  sculpture,  the  visitor  is  greeted  by  an  ideal  female  figure, 
"Illinois  Welcoming  the  Nations  of  the  World."  Other  statues 
adorn  the  walls.  There  are  a  large  number  of  carefully  selected 
paintings  and  drawings,  several  of  which  have  won  high  praise 


155 

from  artists  of  acknowledged  ability.  The  frieze  in  the  re- 
ception room  illustrates  the  relation  of  women  to  the  arts,  and 
was  painted  in  panels  by  ten  Illinois  woman  artists.  Worthy 
of  notice  in  this  room,  also,  is  a  cabinet  of  miniatures  painted  on 
ivory  by  one  exhibitor.  Among  the  artists  are  nine  who  have  ob- 
tained the  distinction  of  exhibiting  in  the  Paris  salon.  A  large 
part  of  the  fine  arts  exhibit  was  received  from  the  Palette  Club 
of  Chicago. 

In  ceramics  there  are  almost  200  different  specimens  of 
work,  many  in  wood  carving,  several  in  embossed  and  illuminated 
leather  work,  tables  and  chairs  in  pyrogravure  (poker  work  in 
old  fashioned  parlance)  and  a  large  collection  of  needle  work  of 
all  kinds,  showing  how  woman  with  her  needle  supplies  many  of 
the  necessities  of  life  and  also  contributes  to  the  decorative 
beauty  of  her  surroundings.  The  ecclesiastical  embroideries  and 
those  of  the  Chicago  Decorative  Art  Society  especially  attract 
the  surprised  attention  of  visitors.  Much  decorative  work  is 
shown  as  an  object  lesson  in  the  woman's  reception  room,  such 
as  modelling,  carving,  designing  and  weaving,  the  entire  room 
being  to  a  large  extent  an  exhibit  of  woman's  work. 

The  department  of  photography  is  made  notable  by  one 
exhibitor  who  obtained  a  diploma  for  distinguished  excellence 
at  the  Vienna  Exhibition  in  1891.  Another  exhibitor  shows 
carbon  prints  on  porcelain.  Book  illustrations,  and  designs  crowd 
the  space  allotted  to  them.  Two  hundred  and  forty-nine  inven- 
tions are  shown  ranging  in  character  from  sewing,  cooking  and 
nursing  appliances,  pertaining  especially  to  the  employment  of 
women,  to  harvesters,  harness  attachments,  car  couplers,  hay 
presses  and  other  implements  or  processes  for  use  in  occupations 
in  which  women  are  seldom  engaged. 

Manufactures  are  shown  by  finished  products  from  factories 
owned  and  managed  entirely  by  women,  and  also  by  a  series  of 
one  hundred  and  eight  photographs  showing  women  at  work 
with  men  in  the  factories,  where  the  finished  products  are  the 
result  of  their  combined  labor. 

Woman's  skill  in  the  preserving  and  canning  of  fruit  and 
the  making  of  jelly  is  shown  by  choice  examples. 


156 

The  silk  industry  is  exhibited  from  the  beginning  in  the  egg 
to  the  woven  silk  fabric. 

The  women  farmers  of  the  State  show  grain  inferior  to  none 
even  in  the  great  Agricultural  Building. 

Scientific  reproductions  of  fruit  and  vegetables  are  shown  in 
wax. 

The  Woman's  Relief  Corps  of  the  State  has  decorated  the 
ceiling  of  the  exhibit  space  with  its  flags  and  banners,  and  also 
displays  the  rosters  of  the  different  corps  of  the  State. 

There  are  several  memorial  volumes  showing  research  in 
history  and  skill  in  the  decorative  making  of  books,  as  well  as 
containing  tributes  to  woman's  industry  and  ability  in  many 
practical  directions,  not  capable  of  material  representation. 

Throughout  the  whole  exhibit  of  the  industries  of  the  women 
of  Illinois,  thus  most  cursorily  outlined,  the  aim  of  the  Illinois 
Woman's  Exposition  Board  has  been  to  show,  first,  the  excel- 
lence of  the  work  of  every  kind  done  by  Illinois  women;  second, 
the  best  methods  and  the  best  results  in  the  every-day  affairs  of 
life;  third,  the  new  avenues  constantly  opening  by  which  woman 
may  earn  her  livelihood  or  add  to  the  sum  of  human  happiness 
and  wisdom. 


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